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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function for the diaphragm? |
Muscle contraction for respiratory tract |
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What is the function for intrapleural space? |
Inflated lungs with air |
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What is the function of the lungs? |
Regulates blood ph |
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What is a bronchial tree? |
Tubes to get air in and out of the lungs |
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What is an alveolar sac? |
Sac that allows gas exchange |
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What is a diaphragmatic hernia? |
A tear in the diaphragm |
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What is intercostal negative pressure? |
Space with no air which creates a vacuum |
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What is diffusion? |
Movement of gas or solute from high to low concentration |
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What is gas exchange? |
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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What is apnea? |
No breathing |
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What is eupnea? |
Normal breathing |
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What is dyspnea? |
Difficulty breathing |
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What is the formula for air? |
O2 + glucose = atp + heat + Co2 + H2O |
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What is inspiration? |
Inhalation (active energy) |
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What is expiration? |
Exhalation (passive energy) |
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What is tidal volume? |
How many CC of air you breath per inhalation |
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What is respiratory rate? |
Rate of inhalation per minute |
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What is minute volume? |
Tidal volume x respiratory rate |
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What is the respiratory rate x tidal volume = minute volume for resting? |
15 x 50cc = 750cc |
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What is the respiratory rate x tidal volume = minute volume for exercise? |
70 x 500cc = 35,000cc |
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What is respiratory alkalosis? What is the cause? |
1. Decreased Co2, increased O2, increased PH 2. Hyperventilation |
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What are electrolytes? |
Charged ion |
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What is a normal blood PH? |
7.4 +/- .2 |
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What is PH? |
Hydrogen ion concentration |
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What is hyperkalemia? |
Elevated level of potassium in blood |
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What is atelectasis? |
Collapsed lung |
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What is H2Co3 = H2O + Co2? |
Carbonic acid |
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What is thoracocentesis? |
A surgical puncture to remove fluid or air from the chest |
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What is bradycardia? |
Slow heart rate |
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What is respiratory acidosis? What is the cause? |
1. The PH is too acidic and cause CO2 increase, H2CO3 increase, PH decrease, potassium increase = cardiac arrest 2. Intrapleural or pneumothorax |
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What are 5 causes for intrapleural atelectasis? |
1. Pneumothorax 2. Hemothorax 3. Pyothorax: foxtails 4. Chylothorax: fat in thorax 5. Hydrothorax: mesothelioma |
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What are 5 causes of intralveolar: diffusion distance increase? |
1. Drowning: diuretic 2. Pneumonia 3. Pulmonary contusions 4. Pulmonary edema 5. Emphysema |
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What are 3 causes of pneumonia? |
1. Bacterial 2. Aspiration 3. Viral |
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What animal is the most prone to pulmonary edema? |
Cats |
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What is emphysema? |
Lung loses elasticity (heaves) |
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2 causes of obstructed airway? |
1. Aspiration 2. Strangulation |
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What is hypercapnea? |
Elevated CO2 |
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What is hypercarbia? |
Elevated CO2 |
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What is cyanosis? |
Blue mucous membranes |
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What is hypoxia? |
Low oxygen |
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What is diuresis? |
Urine production |
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What is diuretic? |
Drugs that increase urine production |
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What are chylomicrons? |
Drop of fat particles |
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What is bronchodilator? |
Bronchial tubes dilate |
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What is bronchoconstriction? |
Bronchiole tubes constrict |
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What is pyo? |
Pus |
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What are mesothelial cells? |
Produce anticoagulation in pleura |
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What is rales? |
Gurgling sounds |
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What is aspiration? |
Food or water goes into trachea |
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What is vascular? |
Blood vessels |
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What is blood pressure? |
Amount of pressure exerted for blood to pump |
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What is hypertension? |
Elevated blood pressure |
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What is hypotension |
Low blood pressure |
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What are the functions of heart valves? |
Ensures blood travels 1 direction |
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What are the 4 layers of the heart and their functions? |
1. Epicardium: reduces friction 2. Pericardium: reduces friction on lungs 3. Myocardium: pumps blood 4. Endocardium: prevents clotting |
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Which chamber of the heart has the most muscle? |
Left ventricle |
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Trace an RBC from vena cava to aorta: |
Vena cava->right atrium ->tricuspid valve->right ventricle ->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery->lungs->pulmonary vein ->left atrium->mitreal valve->left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta |
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What is the cardiac cycle? |
1. Diastole: filling chambers 2. Systole: pumping blood |
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What are the 2 heart sounds and the meaning of them? |
1. Lub: closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valve 2. Dub: closing of the pulmonary artery and aortic valve |
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What is the resting heart rate? |
70/min x 100cc/contraction = 7000cc/min |
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What heart rate for exercise? |
100/min x 500cc/contraction = 100,000cc/min |
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What are 4 functions of the heart? |
1. Heart cycle 2. Heart sounds 3. Cardiac output 4. Controls heart rate |
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What is mm/hg? |
Units of measure/mercury |
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What is tachycardia? |
Fast heart rate |
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What is stroke volume? |
Amount of blood from left ventricle in one pump |
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What is cardiac output? |
How much blood pumped from left ventricle in 1 minute |
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What is a murmur? |
Abnormal heart sound |
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What 2 systems controls the heart rate? |
1. Automatic nervous system: cholinergic-> ACH (slow HR) 2. Sympathetic nervous system: adrenergic-> epinephrine (fast HR) |
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What are the 4 endocrine hormones for the heart? What are their functions? |
1. Epinephrine: HR, BP, CO increase 2. Cortisol: chronic stress 3. Thyroxin: regulate metabolism 4. Glucagon: increase HR |
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What are the 4 parts of pacemaker system? |
1. Sino atrial (SA) node (pacemaker) 2. Atrial ventricular nodes 3. Bundle of HIS 4. Purkinge system |
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What is P Q R S T on EKG monitor? |
P: atrial systole (SA) QRS: ventricular systole (AV) T: repolarization |
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What is cholinergic? |
Releases ACH |
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What is adrenergic? |
Releases epinephrine and adrenaline |
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What is pulmonary edema? |
Lungs filled with fluid |
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What is stenosis? |
Friction of a tube making it smaller |
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What is cardiomeglia? |
Enlargement of the heart |
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What is ascites? |
Escape of fluid into abdominal cavity |
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What is hyperthyroidism? |
Producing too much thyroxin |
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What is EKG? |
Electrocardiogram: measures electrical system of heart |
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What are the 5 congenital heart defects? |
1. Patent ductus arteriosis 2. Patent Foramen ovals (ASD) 3. Aortic stenosis: LHF 4. Pulmonary stenosis 5. Ventricular septal defect |
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What are the 6 acquired heart disease? |
1. AV insufficiency 2. Heartworm (RHF) 3. Vegetative endocarditis 4. Cardiomyopathy: scar tissue 5. Cardiac tampanade: hole 6. Atherosclerosis |
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What happens with RHF? What happens with LHF? |
1. RHF: ascites 2. LHF: pulmonary edema |
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What is embolism verminous? |
Worms floating and plugging artery |
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What is septic embolism? |
Bacteria plugging blood supply |
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What is hemangiosarcoma? |
Malignant tumor arising from blood vessels |
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What is infarction? |
Tissue dies due to no blood supply |
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What is fibrillation? |
Muscle does not contract at same time |
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What is hypertrophy? |
Muscles expand |
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What are 4 treatments for LHF? |
1. Diuretic 2. Heart diet 3. Drugs to lower BP 4. Digoxin |
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What are the 3 cardiac compensation? |
1. Tachycardia 2. Hypertrophy 3. Dilation of chambers |
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What are 2 cardiac emergencies? |
1. Cardiacs arrest 2. Cardiac fibrillation |
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What is a defibrillator? |
Device with paddles to shock body |
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What is shock? |
Venous/capillary pooling of blood |
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What is hypovolemia? |
Low volume of blood |
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What is an aneurism? |
When wall thins and expands in a ball |
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What is the location of an artery? Does it have valves? Whats the blood pressure? What is the wall thickness? |
Location: deep Valves: no valves BP: high (120/80) Wall: thick wall |
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What is the location of a vein? Does it have valves? What is the blood pressure? What is the wall thickness? |
Location: superficial Valves: has valves BP: low (3/0) Wall: thin |
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What are the 3 etiologies of shock states? |
1. Hypovolemia 2. Septic shock 3. Anaphylactic shock |
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What are 4 signs of shock? |
1. Pale mucous membranes 2. Tachycardia 3. Hypotension 4. Hypothermia |
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What are 5 treatments of shock? |
1. IVC and warm fluids 2. NaHCo3 added in fluids 3. Corticosteroids 4. Stop bleeding 5. Blood transfusion |
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What is anaphylactic shock? |
Systemic allergic reaction |
