Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
490 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
|
Superior (cranial)
|
|
|
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
|
Inferior (caudal)
|
|
|
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
|
Ventral (anterior)
|
|
|
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
|
Dorsal (posterior)
|
|
|
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
|
Medial
|
|
|
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
|
Lateral
|
|
|
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
|
Intermediate
|
|
|
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
|
Proximal
|
|
|
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
|
Distal
|
|
|
toward or at the body surface
|
Superficial
|
|
|
away from the body surface; more internal
|
Deep (internal)
|
|
|
erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know
|
Anatomical Position
|
|
|
allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
|
Directional Terms
|
|
|
fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
|
Axial
|
|
|
fundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis.
|
Appendicular
|
|
|
used to designate specific areas within major body divisions
|
Regional Terms
|
|
|
pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
|
Abdominal
|
|
|
pertaining to the point of the shoulder
|
Acromial
|
|
|
pertaining to the forearm
|
Antebrachial
|
|
|
pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
|
Antecubital
|
|
|
pertaining to the armpit
|
Axillary
|
|
|
pertaining to the arm
|
Brachial
|
|
|
pertaining to the cheek
|
Buccal
|
|
|
Pertaining to the wrist
|
Carpal
|
|
|
pertaining to the head
|
Cephalic
|
|
|
pertaining to the neck region
|
Cervical
|
|
|
pertaining to the hip
|
Coxal
|
|
|
pertaining to the leg
|
Crural
|
|
|
pertaining to the fingers or toes
|
Digital
|
|
|
pertaining to the thigh
|
Femoral
|
|
|
pertaining to the side of the leg
|
Fibular (peroneal)
|
|
|
pertaining to the forehead
|
Frontal
|
|
|
pertaining to the great toe
|
Hallux
|
|
|
pertaining to the groin
|
Inguinal
|
|
|
pertaining to the breast
|
Mammary
|
|
|
pertaining to the hand
|
Manus
|
|
|
pertaining to the chin
|
Mental
|
|
|
pertaining to the nose
|
Nasal
|
|
|
pertaining to the mouth
|
Oral
|
|
|
pertaining to the eye socket (orbit)
|
Orbital
|
|
|
pertaining to the palm of the hand
|
Palmar
|
|
|
pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region
|
Patellar
|
|
|
pertaining to the foot
|
Pedal
|
|
|
pertaining to the pelvis region
|
Pelvic
|
|
|
pertaining to the thumb
|
Pollex
|
|
|
pertaining to the genital region
|
Pubic
|
|
|
pertaining to the region of the breastbone
|
Sternal
|
|
|
pertaining to the ankle
|
Tarsal
|
|
|
pertaining to the chest
|
Thoracic
|
|
|
pertaining to the navel
|
Umbilical
|
|
|
pertaining to the point of the shoulder
|
Acromial
|
|
|
pertaining to the heel of the foot
|
Calcaneal
|
|
|
pertaining to the back
|
Dorsum
|
|
|
pertaining to the buttocks or rump
|
Gluteal
|
|
|
pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
|
Lumbar
|
|
|
pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
|
Occipital
|
|
|
pertaining to the ear
|
Otic
|
|
|
pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
|
Perineal
|
|
|
pertaining to the sole of the foot
|
Plantar
|
|
|
pertaining to the back of the knee
|
Popliteal
|
|
|
pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
|
Sacral
|
|
|
pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
|
Scapular
|
|
|
pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
|
Sural
|
|
|
pertaining to the area of the spinal column
|
Vertebral
|
|
|
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
|
Sagittal
|
|
|
sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
|
Median Plane (midsagittal plane)
|
|
|
all other sagittal planes offset from the midline
|
Parasagittal Planes
|
|
|
like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts
|
Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)
|
|
|
runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
|
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
|
|
|
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
|
Oblique Sections
|
|
|
protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions
|
Dorsal Body Cavity
|
|
|
in the skull, encases the brain
|
Cranial Cavity
|
|
|
runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord
|
Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)
|
|
|
the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera
|
Ventral Body Cavity
|
|
|
surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
|
Thoracic Cavity
|
|
|
lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum
|
Pleural Cavities
|
|
|
contains the pericardial cavity
|
Medial Mediastinum
|
|
|
encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)
|
Pericardial Cavity
|
|
|
seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities
|
Abdominopelvic Cavity
|
|
|
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs
|
Abdominal Cavity
|
|
|
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
|
Pelvic Cavity
|
|
|
the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane
|
Serosa (Serous Membrane)
|
|
|
lines internal body walls
|
Parietal Serosa
|
|
|
covers the internal organs
|
Visceral Serosa
|
|
|
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
|
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
|
|
|
Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
|
Abdominopelvic Regions
|
|
|
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
DNA contains "dark matter" that codes for specific structural proteins.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out from the surface of the cell membrane.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -50 to about +50 millivolts.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but very few other cells in the body.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Telomeres are the regions of chromosomes that code for the protein ubiquitin.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Control Center
|
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell consisting of pores and nucleoplasm
|
|
|
Nucleoli
|
dark-staining organelles that synthesize RNA
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
long strands of DNA
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
a doubled rod of condensed chromatin
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that surrounds a cell and serves as a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
|
|
|
Microvilli
|
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
|
|
|
Tight Junction
|
Junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier
|
|
|
Desmosome
|
A strong cell-to-cell junction that attaches adjacent cells to one another.
|
|
|
Gap Junction
|
a channel or tunnel between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely
|
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus
|
|
|
Cytosol
|
the semifluid or water portion of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Organelle
|
a specialized part of a cell
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
|
|
|
Ribosome
|
An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins
|
|
|
Bound Ribosomes
|
ribosomes made of proteins for export
|
|
|
Free Ribosomes
|
Ribosomes kept in the Cytoplasm
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
small network of fluid filled tubes inside a cell that substances move along
|
|
|
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
no attached ribosomes; three main functions: intracellular transport, lipid synthesis, drug and alcohol detoxification
|
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
cell organelle that recieves, stores, modifies, and package proteins to be transported out of the cell
|
|
|
Lysosome
|
a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
network of proteins in the cytoplasm that help cell maintain its shape or framework anchors organelles and helps with cellular movement
|
|
|
Cilia
|
short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
|
|
|
Flagella
|
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
|
|
|
Passive Transport
|
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
|
|
|
Equilibrium
|
equal parts of concentration
|
|
|
Osmosis
|
diffusion of water
|
|
|
Tonicity
|
The ability of a solution to cause a cell within it to gain or lose water.
|
|
|
Isotonic Solution
|
a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
|
|
|
Hypotonic Solution
|
concentration of substances is lower outside of the cell than inside the cell causing water to flow in
|
|
|
Hypertonic Solution
|
a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell causing water to flow out
|
|
|
Facilitated Diffusion
|
the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through carrier proteins
|
|
|
Active Transport
|
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
|
|
|
Solute Pumping
|
Active transport that uses ATP to energize carrier proteins
|
|
|
Bulk Transport
|
transport of large molecules through use of vesicles
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
|
|
|
Interphase
|
cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
division of the nucleus
|
|
|
Prophase
|
stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes and spindle fibers form from the pole and attach to parts of the nucleus
|
|
|
Metaphase
|
phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
|
|
|
Anaphase
|
phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles.
|
|
|
Telophase
|
phase where the nuclear envelope reforms, chromsomes relax and turn back into chromatin and spindle fibers break down
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
division of the cytoplasm during telophase
|
|
|
Cleavage Furrow
|
the area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell during cytokinesis
|
|
|
Types of tissues
|
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Skeletal
|
|
|
Function Of Epithelial Tissues
|
to line cavities or cover surfaces
|
|
|
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissues
|
closely packed together, continous sheets/layers, free or apical surface one edge, avascular, have a nerve supply, have a high capacity ofr renewal or go through mitosis rapidly
|
|
|
Functions of Epithelial tissues
|
Protection, Filtration, Lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, transportation, excretion, sensory reception, reproduction
|
|
|
Layers of Epithelial Tissues
|
Simple, stratified, Pseudostratified
|
|
|
Simple Epithelial Tissues
|
one layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
Stratified Epithelial Tissues
|
more than one layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissues
|
one layer looks like 2 layers
|
|
|
Shapes of Epithelial Tissues
|
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional
|
|
|
Squamous
|
Flat and thin Epithelial Tissues
|
|
|
Cuboidal
|
Cubelike Epithelial Tissues
|
|
|
Columnar
|
Elongated Epithelial Tissues
|
|
|
Transitional
|
capable of stretching, no set shape epithelial tissue
|
|
|
Tissues
|
group of cells that perform a function
|
|
|
Apical Surface
|
an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ
|
|
|
Basal Surface
|
The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane
|
|
|
Glandular Epithelium
|
composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids
|
|
|
Gland
|
one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or on top of surface
|
|
|
Two Types of glands
|
Exocrine and Endocrine
|
|
|
Exocrine Glands
|
secrete into ducts or tubes, ex. perspiration, oil into skin, sweat glands
|
|
|
Endocrine Glands
|
secrete hormones onto cell surfaces diffuses into blood and carried through body, ex. pituitary and thyroid
|
|
|
Structure classifications
|
unicellular and multicellular
|
|
|
Unicellular
|
mucus cell, goblet cell one cell
|
|
|
Multicellular
|
salivary gland, sweat glands, more than one cell
|
|
|
Functional Classifications of glandular epithelium
|
holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine glands
|
|
|
Holocrine Glands
|
product is released upon cell death ex. sebaceous glands
|
|
|
Sebaceous Glands
|
sebum gland
|
|
|
Sebum
|
Oil
|
|
|
Merocrine Glands
|
glands where product is discharged as its being produced, ex. salivary glands
|
|
|
Apocrine glands
|
glands that secretes product by exocytosis or pinches off into vessicles, ex. mammary glands
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell
|
|
|
Connective Tissue functions
|
supports and protects body organs, bends organs together, stores energy reserves, some provide immunity
|
|
|
Immunity
|
(medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease
|
|
|
Three Basic Elements of connective tissue
|
Cells, Ground Substance, Fibers
|
|
|
Cells, Ground Substance, and Fibers
|
The matrix consists of
|
|
|
Characteristics of connective tissues
|
cells rarely touch each other, rarely have an apical surface, have a nerve supply, highly vascular
|
|
|
Matrix of Connective tissue
|
can be liquid solid and/ or gel
|
|
|
Liquid Matrix of connective tissue
|
blood
|
|
|
Solid Matrix of connective tissue
|
bone
|
|
|
Gel Matrix of connective tissue
|
cartilage
|
|
|
Fibers of connective tissue
|
Collagen, elastic, reticular
|
|
|
Collagen Fibers
|
strong fibers, ex. ligaments and tendons
|
|
|
Elastic fibers
|
can be stretched, ex. ears
|
|
|
Reticular fibers
|
hold together and provide shape fibers, fibers coated with collagen, ex. spleen
|
|
|
Classifications of Connective tissues
|
Embryonic, Mature
|
|
|
Types of embryonic connective tissues
|
Mesenchyme and mucus
|
|
|
Mesenchyme
|
connective tissue in embryo and in adultsduring wound healing
|
|
|
Mucus
|
connective tissue that hold umbilical cord
|
|
|
Types of Mature Connective Tissue
|
Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
|
|
|
Three types of Loose Connective Tissue
|
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
|
|
|
Loose Connective Tissue
|
Connective tissue that are not well arranged
|
|
|
Dense Mature Connective Tissue
|
well organized connective Tissue
|
|
|
Two Types Of Dense Connective Tissue
|
Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, and elastic
|
|
|
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
|
white or silvery ex. tendons
|
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
|
sheets of connective tissue ex. facia
|
|
|
Three types of cartilage
|
Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage
|
|
|
Chondrocytes
|
produce cartilage
|
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
cartilage at the ends of bones
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
strongest cartilage located where boned do not move, ex. sutures
|
|
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
cartilage in the ears
|
|
|
Bone
|
Osseous Tissue
|
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
cells that make bones, eventually mature into osteocytes
|
|
|
Osteocytes
|
mature osteoblasts
|
|
|
Blood
|
vascular tissue, ex. red blood cells, White blood cells, platelets etc.
|
|
|
Muscle tissue
|
long cells that look like fiber
|
|
|
Three types of Muscle tissue
|
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
|
voluntary, striated, multinucleated, nuclei
|
|
|
Nuclei in Skeletal muscle tissue
|
is at the side of the cell
|
|
|
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
|
involuntary, striated, has a central nucleus, cells are arranged end to end, autorhythmic
|
|
|
Autorhythmicity
|
can self contract
|
|
|
Intercalated discs
|
attachment point of cell, end to end
|
|
|
Smooth muscle
|
involuntary, non-striated, central nucleus, contract together
|
|
|
two types of cells in Nerve tissues
|
neurons and neurogli or glial cells
|
|
|
Neurons
|
cells that converts stimuli into a nerve action potential or NAP, sends NAP to other cells
|
|
|
Neuroglia
|
glial cells
|
|
|
Neuroglia
|
produce neurotransmitters, phagocytic, produce myelin, produce cerebrospinal fluid, regulates ion balance
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
chemicals that carry NAP from one cell to another
|
|
|
Phagocytic
|
the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles
|
|
|
Myelin
|
coats neurons and insulates
|
|
|
Parenchyma
|
main tissue type
|
|
|
Anatomy of Integumentary system
|
Epidermis, Dermis, subcutaneous or hypodermis
|
|
|
Epidermis
|
upper layer of tissue, stratified squamous
|
|
|
Stratum Corneum
|
25-30 cells thick of dead keratinized epithelial cells, gives protection
|
|
|
Statum Lucidum
|
3-5 cells thick, in skin w/o hair, ex. palms of hand and sole of feet, dead keratinized cells
|
|
|
Stratum Granulosum
|
3-5 cells thick, dying cells, have granules
|
|
|
Stratum Spinosum
|
8-10 cells thick, dying cells, pointed
|
|
|
Stratum Basale
|
1 cell thick, Living cells, skin stem cells
|
|
|
Keratinocytes
|
make brown pigment
|
|
|
Malanocytes
|
secrete melanin when struck by UV light
|
|
|
Dermis
|
connective tissue, site of hair follicle, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, arrector pilli, nerve endings/receptors, and blood vessels
|
|
|
Two regions of Dermis
|
Papillary region and reticular region
|
|
|
Subcutaneous
|
adipose tissue of skin
|
|
|
Physiology of Integumentary System
|
Regulates bopdy temperature, protects, sensation, excretion, dehydration prevention, Immunity, is a blood reservoir, synthesis of vitamin D
|
|
|
Rgulating body temperature
|
changing blood flow, sweating, goosebumps
|
|
|
Changing blood flow
|
blood sends heat to skin releasing heat, increasing blood flow releases more heat
|
|
|
Sweating
|
contains hear, evaporates, lets heat out
|
|
|
Goosebumps
|
creates friction, arrector pilli pulls hair back and forth
|
|
|
Protection
|
H2O light, germ proof, from UV light
|
|
|
UV light
|
damages DNA
|
|
|
Color
|
Carotene, melanin, and hemoglobin
|
|
|
Carotene
|
orange tint
|
|
|
Melanin
|
brown color
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
red color
|
|
|
Jaundice
|
yellow, affected by the liver
|
|
|
Liver
|
kills bilirubin
|
|
|
Bilirubin
|
waste product when hemoglobin breaks down
|
|
|
Erythema
|
reddening of skin
|
|
|
Cyanosis
|
blueness of skin
|
|
|
Bronze
|
caused by addisn's disease
|
|
|
Hair anatomy
|
shaft, bulb, root, follicle, papilla
|
|
|
Shaft of hair
|
part of hair projecting from the skin
|
|
|
Bulb of hair
|
part at base of follicle
|
|
|
Root of hair
|
This is the portion of the hair that reaches from the center of the follicle down to the bulb.
|
|
|
Follicle
|
Structure in the dermis of the skin from which a strand of hair grows.
|
|
|
Papilla
|
encapsuled area where hair grows
|
|
|
Three concentric rings of Hair
|
Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle
|
|
|
Medulla
|
innermost rings, has pigments from melanocytes
|
|
|
Cortex
|
second ring, has some pigments
|
|
|
Cuticle
|
outermost ring
|
|
|
Sebaceous glands
|
produces sebum
|
|
|
Sebum
|
oil
|
|
|
Anatomy of nail
|
Free edge, body, lunula, eponychism, root, matrix, dead keratinized epithelia cells
|
|
|
Free edge of nail
|
part of nail that gets cut off
|
|
|
Lunula
|
the white crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail
|
|
|
Eponychium
|
The living skin at the base of the nail plate covering the matrix area, cuticle
|
|
|
Root of the nail
|
part of nail that lies in a groove and is hidden by cuticle
|
|
|
Matrix of the nail
|
where nail production occurs
|
|
|
First Degree burn or frostbite
|
damages only surface of epidermis
|
|
|
Second degree burn or frostbite
|
destroys all of epidermis and part of epidermis, blister
|
|
|
Third degree burn or frostbite
|
all epidermis or dermis and maybe underlying tissue, scarring
|
|
|
Abrasion
|
scraping away of the epidermis
|
|
|
Step of abrasion healing
|
Clot, basal cells migrate laterally then upward, scab falls off
|
|
|
Steps of Deep wound healing
|
Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, Proliferative phase, Maturation phase
|
|
|
Inflammatory Phase
|
clotting and blood vessels grow
|
|
|
Migratory phase
|
basal cells and fibroblasts migrate
|
|
|
Proliferative phase
|
epidermis production collagen fibers grow in blood clot
|
|
|
Maturation phase
|
everything organizes
|
|
|
Tissues
|
a group of cells that perform a function
|
|
|
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
|
continous sheets/layers, lines cavities or covers organs, closely packed together, have a nerve supply, avascular, have an apical and basal surface, have a high capacity for renewal, go through mitosis rapidly
|
|
|
Functions of Epithelial tissue
|
protection, filtration, absorption, digestion, secretion, lubrication, transportation, reproduction, sensory reception, excretion
|
|
|
Three kinds of layers of the epithelial tissue
|
SImple, stratified, pseudostratified
|
|
|
Apical Surface
|
free surface or one open surface
|
|
|
Basal Surface
|
connected surface
|
|
|
Avascular
|
no direct blood supply
|
|
|
Simple Epithelial Tissue
|
one layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
|
more than one layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue
|
one layer of Epithelial Tissue that looks like two, look slike nucleus over nucleus
|
|
|
Four Shapes of Epithelial Tissue
|
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional
|
|
|
Squamous Epithelial Tissue
|
flat and thin epithelial tissue
|
|
|
Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
|
square like epithelial tissue
|
|
|
Columnar Epithelial Tissue
|
elongated epithelial tissue
|
|
|
Transitional Epithelial Tissue
|
capable of strecthing, no set shape epithelial tissue
|
|
|
Gland
|
one cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts or on top of surfaces
|
|
|
Two Type of Glandular Epithelium
|
Endocrine and Exocrine glands
|
|
|
Exocrine Glands
|
secrete their product onto body surfaces or into body cavities, ex. mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
|
|
|
Endocrine Glands
|
secrete hormones into cell surfaces, diffuses into the blood carrying through the body to specific organs ex. pituitary and thyroid glands
|
|
|
Two Structural Classifications of Glandular Epithelium
|
unicellular and multicellular
|
|
|
Three Functional Classifications of Glandular Epithelium
|
Holocrine, Merocrine, Apocrine
|
|
|
Holocrine
|
product is released upon death ex. sebaceous gland
|
|
|
Merocrine
|
product is released as it is produced ex. salivary gland
|
|
|
Apocrine
|
secrete product by pinching it off into a vessicle ex. mammary gland
|
|
|
Sebaceous gland
|
releases sebum
|
|
|
Sebum
|
oil
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
pinching off into vessicles
|
|
|
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
|
cells rarely touch each other, cells raely have an apical surface, have a nerve supply, highly vascular, largely extracellular matrix
|
|
|
Matrix is composed of what
|
solid, liquid gel
|
|
|
Functions of Connective Tissue
|
Supports and protects body organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves, some provide immunity
|
|
|
Three basic element of Connective Tissue
|
Cell, Ground substance, and Fibers
|
|
|
Three types of fibers in Connective Tissue
|
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
|
|
|
Collagen Fibers
|
strong fibers found in connective tissue ex. ligaments and tendons
|
|
|
Elastic fibers
|
fibers that can be stretched in connective tissue ex. ear
|
|
|
Reticular Fibers
|
fibers that hold together or provide a shape, coated with collagen in connective tissue ex. spleen
|
|
|
Two main classification of connective tissue
|
Embryonic and mature connective tissues
|
|
|
Two Types of Embryonic Tissues
|
Mesenchyme and Mucus
|
|
|
Mesenchyme
|
found in embryo and adults in wound healing
|
|
|
Mucus embryonic tissue
|
hold umbilical cord
|
|
|
Five Types of Mature Connective Tissue
|
Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
|
|
|
Loose Connective Tissue
|
not well organized connective tissue
|
|
|
Three types of loose connective tissue
|
areolar, adipose, reticular
|
|
|
Areolar
|
loose connective tissue in the dermis/ forms the subcutaneous layer
|
|
|
Adipose
|
loose connective tissue composed of fat
|
|
|
Reticular Loose Connective Tissue
|
Loose connective tissue in the spleen
|
|
|
Dense Connective Tissue
|
well arranged mature connective tissue
|
|
|
Three types of Dense Connective Tissue
|
Regular, irregular, elastic
|
|
|
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
|
white, silvery tough, connective tissue ex. tendons
|
|
|
Dense Irregular Connective TIssue
|
thick sheets irregularly arranged connective tissue es. facia
|
|
|
Chondrocytes
|
produce cartilage
|
|
|
Three Types of cartilage
|
Hyaline, fibro-, elastic
|
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
cartilage at the end of bones
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
cartilage attached to bones that do not move ex. sutures
|
|
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
cartilage that can bend and stretch ex. ears
|
|
|
Bone
|
Osseous Connective Tissue
|
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
cells that make bone
|
|
|
Osteocytes
|
mature osteoblasts or bone cells
|
|
|
Blood
|
vascular tissue
|
|
|
Muscle tissue
|
long cells that look like fibers
|
|
|
Three types of muscle tissues
|
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle TIssue
|
voluntary, striated, multinucleated, nuclei at the side of the cell
|
|
|
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
|
involuntary, striated, single nucleus in the center of the cell, arranged end to end, can self contract
|
|
|
Intercalated Discs
|
attachment point of cells end to end
|
|
|
Autorhythmicity
|
self contraction
|
|
|
Smooth Muscle Tissue
|
involuntary, not striated, single mucleus in the center of the cell, contracts together
|
|
|
Two Types of cells in the nervous tissue
|
Neuron and Neuroglia or glial cell
|
|
|
Neuron
|
cells that convert stimuli into nerve action potential and ends to other cells
|
|
|
Neuroglia
|
cells that produce neurotransmitters, phagocytic, produces myelin, produces cerebrospinal fluid, regulates ion flow
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
chemicals that carry NAP from one cell to another
|
|
|
Phagocytic
|
the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles
|
|
|
Myelin
|
coats and insulated neurons
|
|
|
Parenchyma
|
main tissue type, functional tissue of an organ
|
|
|
Come Loosen Great Sun Burn Patches Real Soon
|
CLGSBPRS
|
|
|
Three main layers of the integumentary system
|
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
|
|
|
Epidermis
|
top layer of skin, stratified squamous
|
|
|
Five Layers of the Epidermis
|
Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale
|
|
|
Stratum Corneum
|
25-30 cells thick, gives protection, dead keratinized epithelial cells
|
|
|
Stratum Lucidum
|
3-5 cells thick, found in the skin with no hair, ex. palms and soles of feet, dead keratinized epithelial cells
|
|
|
Stratum Granulosum
|
3-5 cells thick, dying epithelail cells, has granules
|
|
|
Stratum Spinosum
|
8-10 cells thick, pointed, dying epithelial cells
|
|
|
Stratum Basale
|
1 cell thick, living epithelial cells, skin stem cell, have keratinocytes and melanocytes
|
|
|
Keratinocytes
|
secrete brown pigment
|
|
|
Melanocytes
|
Secrete melanin when struck by UV light
|
|
|
Dermis
|
contains fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, areolar connective tissue, site of hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sweat gland, arrector pili, nerve endings/receptors, and blood vessels
|
|
|
Fibroblasts
|
Spindle shaped cells that form connective tissue
|
|
|
Two Regions of dermis
|
Papillary and Reticular layer
|
|
|
CLGSBPRS of skin
|
Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale, papillary, reticular, subcutaneous
|
|
|
Subcutaneous Region or layer
|
adipose tissue layer or region
|
|
|
Eight Functions of Integumentary System
|
Regulates Body Temp, protection, sensation, excretion, prevents dehydration, immunity, blood reservoir, begins synthesis of vitamin d in response to UV light
|
|
|
Regulation of Body Temperature
|
changes blood flow, blood send heat to skin releasing it, increasing blood flow relases more heat reducing temperature
|
|
|
Sweating
|
heat in liquid which evaporates and lets heat out
|
|
|
Goosebumps and Shivering
|
arrector pili pulls hair follicle making them stand up and pulls follicles back and forth creating friction
|
|
|
Integumentary System Protection
|
H2O tight, germ proof, against UV light
|
|
|
Carotene
|
make orange tint
|
|
|
Melanin
|
make brown tint
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
makes red tint
|
|
|
Jaundice
|
causes a yellow discoloration
|
|
|
Bilirubin
|
Waste product of hemoglobin after it has been broken down
|
|
|
Bilirubin
|
Liver kills this
|
|
|
Hemoglobin die
|
every 125 days
|
|
|
Erythema
|
reddening of the skin
|
|
|
Cyanosis
|
blueness of the skin from deoxyhemoglobin
|
|
|
Addison's disease
|
causes bronze tint
|
|
|
Ten Parts of the hair
|
shaft, follicle,papilla, root, bulb, medulla, cortex, cuticle, sebaceous gland, arrector pili
|
|
|
Shaft of hair
|
visible portion of the hair
|
|
|
Bulb of hair
|
large circular part at the base of the hair
|
|
|
Root
|
the portion of a hair that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layer
|
|
|
Follicle
|
outer space where hair is growing
|
|
|
Papilla
|
structure within follicle which is a small projection at bulb; provides blood supply
|
|
|
Three Concentric rings in a cross section of a hair
|
Medulla, Cortex, and Cuticle
|
|
|
Medulla of hair
|
innermost ring of the hair containing pigments from melanocytes
|
|
|
Cortex of hair
|
middle ring of hair, may contain some pigment
|
|
|
Cuticle of hair
|
outermost ring of hair
|
|
|
Six parts of nail
|
free edge, body, eponychium, lunule, root, matrix
|
|
|
Free Edge
|
end of nail that gets cut
|
|
|
Body of nail
|
main part of the nail
|
|
|
Eponychium
|
skin piece that seals the nail and proximal skin fold
|
|
|
Lunule
|
white crescent shaped part at the beginning of the visible nail
|
|
|
Matrix of nail
|
where nail production occurs
|
|
|
First Degree burn or frostbite
|
damages the surface of the epidermis
|
|
|
Second degree burn or frostbite
|
damages all of the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis
|
|
|
Third degree burn or frostbite
|
damages all of the epidermis, dermis, and possibly some of the underlying layer
|
|
|
Three steps of abrasion wound healing
|
blood clots, basal cells migrate laterally then upward, scab falls off
|
|
|
Four phase in deep wound healing
|
Inflammatory phase, Migratory phase, proliferative phase, and maturation phase
|
|
|
Inflammatory phase
|
blood clots form, blood vessels grow
|
|
|
Migratory phase
|
basal cells and fibroblasts migrate
|
|
|
proliferative phase
|
epidermis produces collagen fibers in the clot
|
|
|
Maturation phase
|
everything organizes
|
|
|
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The dermis has a connective tissue and adipose layer that loosely binds the body together.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Incisions should be made across rather than parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Three types of skeletal cartilage
|
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
|
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
the most common type. contains only very fine collagen fibers. the matrix has a glassy trranslucent appearance. found in the nose and at the end of long bones and the ribs, froms rings in the walls of respiratory passages. the fetal skeleton is made up of this type of cartilage, later it is replaced by bone.
|
|
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
much more flexible than hyaline cartilage and tolerates repeated bending better w/ more elastic fibers (cartilages of external ear and the epiglottis)
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
Type of cartilage that contains both chondrocytes and collagen; used for fusion & support and found in the knees and intervertebral disks of the back
|
|
|
Number of bones
|
206
|
|
|
Two classifications of bones
|
axial and appendicular
|
|
|
Axial Skeleton
|
forms the long axis of the body, includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
|
|
|
Appendicular skeleton
|
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles
|
|
|
Types of bones
|
flat bones, long bones, irregular bones
|
|
|
Long bones
|
bones are longer than they are wide all limb bones excpet the patella, wrist and ankle bones
|
|
|
Short bones
|
roughly cube shaped, nbones of the wrist and ankle
|
|
|
Sesamoid bones
|
special type of short bone that form in a tendon ex. patella
|
|
|
Flat bones
|
thin flattened and a bit curved bones ex. sternum, scapula, ribs, and most skull bones
|
|
|
Irregular bones
|
bones that have complicated shapes that fit no other classification ex. vertebrae and hip bones
|
|
|
functions of bones
|
support, protection, movement,mineral and growth factor starge, blood cell formation, fat storage,energy storage
|
|
|
Hematopoiesis
|
formation of blood cells
|
|
|
Bone textures
|
spongy and compact bone
|
|
|
Compact Bone
|
external layer of bone
|
|
|
Spongy Bone
|
internal layer of bone also called cancellous bone
|
|
|
Trabeculae
|
honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces
|
|
|
Structures of long bone
|
Diaphysis, epiphysis, membranes
|
|
|
Diaphysis
|
shaft forming the long axis of the bone
|
|
|
Epiphysis
|
the bone ends of a long bone
|
|
|
Epiphyseal line
|
between the epiphysis and the diaphysisof an adult long bone
|
|
|
epiphyseal plate
|
a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
|
|
|
Periosteum
|
a white double layered membrane covering the external surface of the entire bone
|
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
bone forming cells which secrete bone matrix
|
|
|
Osteoclasts
|
bone destroying cells
|
|
|
Endosteum
|
delicate connective tissue covering the internal bone surfaces
|
|
|
Osteon
|
the structural unit of compact bone, an elongated cylinder located parallel to the long axis of the bone, tiny weight bearing pillars
|
|
|
lamella
|
a hollow tube of the osteon filled with red bone marrow
|
|
|
central canal
|
inner hole of the osteon holding the nerve vein and artery
|
|
|
perforating canals
|
canal lying at right angles to the long axis of the bone connecting the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to eh central canls and medullary cavity
|
|
|
Lacunae
|
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
|
|
|
Canaliculi
|
hairlike canals connecting the lacunae to each other and the central canal
|
|
|
Ossification
|
the process of bone formation
|
|
|
joints
|
articulations
|
|
|
Chondrocytes
|
form cartilage
|
|
|
perforating canal
|
have blood vessels that carry blood to haversion canals
|
|
|
Trabeculla
|
pattern of lamella in cancellous bone
|
|
|
Yellow bone marrow
|
fat or adipose tissue
|
|
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
the formation of the skull and the clavicle (flat bones) 1. mesenchyme layed down in the shape of the bone 2. mesenchyme get replaced with loose connective tissue 3. osteoblasts move in and turn into bone 4. osteoclasts move in and turn into cancellous bone
|
|
|
Steps of endochondral ossification
|
osteoblasts and bone collar forms, cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities, the peristeal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form, the dipahysis elongates and a medullary ciavity forms as ossification continues, secondary ossification begins in the epiphysis, the eiphiphysis ossifies when completed cartilage remainsin the epiphysela plates and articular cartilage
|
|
|
Repair of fractures
|
1. clot forms 2. fibrocartilagenous callous forms wherever their is blood 3. bony callous forms 4. bone remodels by osteoclasts breaking down extra bone
|
