Anatomy And Physiology Pt. 1

Front 1

Long Bones

Back 1

Have longitudinal axes and expanded ends (ex. forearm and thigh bones).

Front 2

Short Bones

Back 2

Cube-like with roughly equal lengths and widths; special type of short bone: sesamoid bone or round bond (ex. wrists, ankles, patella).

Front 3

Flat Bones

Back 3

Platelike structures with broad surfaces (ribs, scapulae, some cranial bones).

Front 4

Irregular Bones

Back 4

Have a variety of shared and most and connected to several other bones (vertebrae, and many facial bones).

Front 5

Parts of a Long Bone

Back 5

Epiphysis, articular cartilage, diaphysis, metaphysis, periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, trabeculae, medullary cavity.

Front 6

Epiphysis

Back 6

Expanded portion at the end of a long bone.

Front 7

Articular Cartilage

Back 7

Coats the epiphysis; hyaline cartilage.

Front 8

Diaphysis

Back 8

Shaft of a long bone, coated by periosteum.

Front 9

Metaphysis

Back 9

Widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

Front 10

Periosteum

Back 10

A tough, vascular covering of dense connective tissue that encloses a bone.

Front 11

Compact Bone

Back 11

Wall of the diaphysis, mainly composed of tightly packed tissue; continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps.

Front 12

Spongy Bone

Back 12

Consists of many branching plates called trabuculae; irregular connecting spaces between these plates and are most highly developed in the epiphysis.

Front 13

Medullary Cavity

Back 13

Compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone forms a tube with a hollow chamber that is continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone.

Front 14

Endosteum

Back 14

A thin membrane containing bone forming cells that lines the medullary cavity.

Front 15

Marrow

Back 15

A specialized type of soft connective tissue fills the spongy bone and the medullary cavity; there are two forms: red and yellow.

Front 16

Osteon

Back 16

Osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix called lamellae are concentrically clustered around a central canal forming this cylinder shaped unit. Many of these units together form substance of compact bone. Run longitudinally with the axis of the bone.

Front 17

Osteocytes

Back 17

Tiny, bony chamber called lacunae. Pass substances through canaliculi throughout the bone.

Front 18

Intramembranous Bones

Back 18

During their development, membrane-like layers of embryonic connective tissue appear the sites of the future bones; results in intramembranous ossification.

Front 19

Osteoblasts

Back 19

Bone-forming cells that deposit bony matirx around themselves.

Front 20

Endochondral Bones

Back 20

Develop from masses of hyaline cartilage that are shaped similarly to the future bony structures that will take over; results in endochondral ossification.

Front 21

Primary/Secondary Ossification Centers

Back 21

Primary: bone develops from this toward the ends of the cartilaginous structure.

Secondary: appear in the epiphysis and spongy bone forms from all directions from them; results in the epiphyseal plate between two ossification centers.

Front 22

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 22

Has four layers; zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage.

Front 23

Osetoclasts

Back 23

Originate from the fusion of single-nucleated white blood cells and break down bone matrix.

Front 24

Bone remolding

Back 24

Occurs throughout life as osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone.

Front 25

Hematopoiesis

Back 25

The process of blood cell formation that occurs in different parts of the body throughout life. It begins in the yolk sac, then the liver and spleen, and finally the red marrow as the body develops.

Front 26

Red Marrow

Back 26

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and blood platelets form here. The color comes from oxygen carrying hemoglobin throughout the blood.

Front 27

Axial Skeleton

Back 27

Skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

Front 28

Cranial Bones (8)

Back 28

Frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1).

Front 29

Facial Bones (14)

Back 29

Maxilla (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), vomer (1), inferior nasal concha (2), mandible (1).

Front 30

Middle Ear Bones (6)

Back 30

Malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2).

Front 31

Hyoid Bone

Back 31

The only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone. Located approximately a finger space of above the larynx. Supports tongue muscle, swallowing, ect.

Front 32

Vertebral Column (26)

Back 32

Cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5), sacrum (1 with 5 fused vertebrae), coccyx (1 with 4 fused vertebrae).

Front 33

Thoracic Cage (25)

Back 33

Ribs (24; 12 paired sets), sternum (1 with three fused parts; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process).

Front 34

Pectoral Girdle (4)

Back 34

Scapula (2), and clavicle (2).

Front 35

Upper Limbs (60)

Back 35

Humerus (2), radius (2), ulna (2), carpal (16), metacarpal (10), phalanx (28).

Front 36

Pelvic Girdle (2)

Back 36

Hip bones (2)

Front 37

Lower Limbs (60)

Back 37

Femur (2), tibia (2), fibula (2), patella (2), tarsal (14), metatarsal (10), phalanx (28).