Anatomy And Physiology Part 2

Front 1

hormone secretion is usually controlled by ___ systems

Back 1

negative feedback

Front 2

the posterior pituitary gland receives these hormones from the hypothalamus

Back 2

b and d

Front 3

the pituitary gland is also known as the

Back 3

hypophysis

Front 4

the portal system links

Back 4

the hypothalamus with the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

Front 5

another name for somatotropic hormone is

Back 5

growth hormone

Front 6

growth hormone causes

Back 6

protein anabolism

Front 7

this hormone helps trigger and maintain lactation

Back 7

prolactin

Front 8

the hyperglycemic effect results from the release of ___ from the anterior pituitary

Back 8

growth hormone

Front 9

somatotropic hormone works to promote

Back 9

the hyperglycemic effect

Front 10

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) production

Back 10

a and b

Front 11

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 11

stimulates the lining cells of follicles in the female to produce estrogen

Front 12

this structure produces progestin hormones needed to maintain pregnancy

Back 12

corpus luteum

Front 13

rising amounts of this hormone in the blood causes the anterior pituitary to produce less and less follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 13

estrogen

Front 14

in most animals, ovulation occurs when this hormone reaches its peak

Back 14

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 15

which of the following is false

Back 15

negative feedback from glands directly stimulates the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Front 16

a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body causes the disease

Back 16

diabetes insipidus

Front 17

this hormone stimulates strong uterine contractions in the uterus at the time of parturititon

Back 17

oxytocin

Front 18

during nursing or milking, this hormone is released into the bloodstream to stimulate milk letdown

Back 18

oxytocin

Front 19

the production of thyroid hormone

Back 19

increases with exposure to cold temperatures

Front 20

thyroid hormone affects the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, similar to

Back 20

growth hormone (GH)

Front 21

calcium plays an important role in

Back 21

all of the above

Front 22

calcitomin

Back 22

functions to prevent hypercalcemia

Front 23

these hormones help to maintain blood pressure, resist effects of stress, cause blood glucose to rise, and are also known as steroids

Back 23

glucocorticoids

Front 24

aldosterone

Back 24

is a mineralocorticoid that causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed by the kidney back into the bloodstream in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions

Front 25

the target for epinephrine and norepinephrine is

Back 25

the whole body

Front 26

the pancreas produces insulin, which functions to

Back 26

lower blood levels of glucose

Front 27

two other hormones in addition to glucagon that function to raise blood sugar levels are

Back 27

growth hormone and glucocorticoids

Front 28

luteinizing hormone is also known as

Back 28

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Front 29

testosterone is a steroid with an overall ___ effect

Back 29

anabolic

Front 30

secretin and cholecystokinin are produced by the

Back 30

cells lining the small intestine

Front 31

the pineal body produces ____, which affect (among other things) moods and wake-sleep cycles

Back 31

melatonin

Front 32

cells that support neurons structurally and functionally are called

Back 32

neuroglia

Front 33

axons in the CNS are often covered by

Back 33

a and c

Front 34

the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary nervous system functions in the

Back 34

automatic nervous system

Front 35

when you pet a dog, which receptors send a sensation from the skin to the dog's brain

Back 35

afferent

Front 36

the electrical difference in charges across a neuron cell membrane is

Back 36

the resting membrane potential

Front 37

an action potential can be described as

Back 37

a large change in electrical charge from negative to positive inside the cell

Front 38

during repolarization

Back 38

potassium ions move out of the cell

Front 39

during the relative refractory period, the cell may depolarize if

Back 39

the stimulus is much larger than normal

Front 40

an influx of ____ into the synaptic knob results in the fusing of vesicles containing neurotrasmitters with the knob's cellular membrane

Back 40

calcium

Front 41

acetylcholine

Back 41

can be either excitatory or inhibitory

Front 42

a commonly used antiparasitic that causes an increased inhibitory neurotransmitter effect is

Back 42

ivermectin

Front 43

norepinephrine is broken down by

Back 43

a and b

Front 44

the part of the brain responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness is

Back 44

cerebrum

Front 45

damage to this part of the brain can result in rapid death

Back 45

brain stem

Front 46

this supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord

Back 46

meninges

Front 47

the blood-brain barrier is found in the

Back 47

capillaries

Front 48

sensations from the gastrointestinal tract are provided by this nerve

Back 48

CN X, vagus

Front 49

the gray matter of the spinal cord contains

Back 49

neuron cell bodies

Front 50

which of the following is true

Back 50

the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron travels directly from the CNS to its target organ, where it synapse with a short postganglionic neuron

Front 51

the sympathetic nervous system causes

Back 51

a and b

Front 52

increased heart rate and force of contraction are the result of stimulating

Back 52

beta1-adrenergic receptors in the heart

Front 53

somatic reflex arcs involve

Back 53

skeletal muscle

Front 54

visceral sensation can originate in

Back 54

all of the above

Front 55

visceral sensation respond to this type of stimulus

Back 55

mechanical

Front 56

which of the following statements is true regarding the sensation of touch

Back 56

different kinds of specific touch and pressure receptors produce sensation of light contact, deep pressure, vibration, or hair movement

Front 57

core temperature receptors are located in the

Back 57

hypothalamus

Front 58

modulation of sensory nerve impulses that eventually lead to pain occurs in the

Back 58

dorsal horns of the spinal cord

Front 59

nociceptors are not found in this organ

Back 59

brain

Front 60

taste buds are found here

Back 60

on the tounge and in the lining of the mouth and throat

Front 61

most of the structures responsible for hearing are housed in the bone

Back 61

temporal

Front 62

the eardrum is known as the

Back 62

tympanic membrane

Front 63

this helps to restrict movement of the stapes by loud sounds

Back 63

stapedius

Front 64

the slit-like opening of the eustachian tube is located here

Back 64

pharynx

Front 65

this structure acts as a pressure relief mechanism by alternately bulging in and out as the fluids moves back and forth in the cochlea

Back 65

round window

Front 66

the receptor organ of hearing is

Back 66

organ of corti

Front 67

the ossicles are located here

Back 67

middle ear

Front 68

this type of joints exists between the malleus and incus and between the incus and stapes

Back 68

synovial

Front 69

this bone is attached to the tympanic membrane

Back 69

malleus

Front 70

this sense provides knowledge of body position and movement

Back 70

proprioception

Front 71

this senses rotary motion of the head

Back 71

semicircular canal

Front 72

articulates with the incus and is attached to the oval window

Back 72

stapes

Front 73

this sense includes the sensation of hunger and thirst

Back 73

visceral

Front 74

this patch of sensory epithelium is found in the utricle and saccule

Back 74

macule

Front 75

receptors for this sense are located in taste buds

Back 75

gustatory

Front 76

compared with humans, this sense is very highly developed in many animals

Back 76

olfactory

Front 77

pain receptors

Back 77

nociceptors

Front 78

this sense has receptors located in the hypothalamus and skin

Back 78

temperature

Front 79

this senses linear motion and position of the head

Back 79

vestibule

Front 80

connects the pharynx with the middle ear and equalizes air pressure on two sides of tympanic membrane

Back 80

eustachian tube

Front 81

what is the purpose of the crector, muscle is the dermis of birds

Back 81

it elevates the body feathers to trap warm air near the body when the bird is cold or sick

Front 82

which of the following statement is true

Back 82

beaks and claws grow continuously

Front 83

which of the following is part of the feather between the inferior and superior umbilicus

Back 83

calamus

Front 84

what is the name of flight feather on the tail

Back 84

retrices

Front 85

what two structures help provide waterproofing of feathers

Back 85

uropygial gland and powder down feathers

Front 86

which of the following is true regarding the health of feathers

Back 86

a stress bar can be caused by nutritional deficiency

Front 87

how can one determine if a feather is still growing

Back 87

blood can be seen in the proximal part of the shaft

Front 88

what structure borders the eye sockets in birds

Back 88

sclerotic ring

Front 89

how many cervical vertebrae do birds have

Back 89

11 to 25

Front 90

what structure provides support to tail feathers

Back 90

pygostyle

Front 91

what bones form the pectoral girdle

Back 91

coracoids, clavicles, and scapulas

Front 92

what structure runs from the shoulder to the wrist and helps provide aerodynamics to birds

Back 92

propatagium

Front 93

which statement is true regarding birds

Back 93

the alula bone carries alula feathers, which are important for steering

Front 94

what does zygodactyl mean

Back 94

the second and third toes face forward and the first and fourth face backward

Front 95

how many joints does the third digit of the bird's lef have

Back 95

three

Front 96

what are the two most important muscles for flight

Back 96

supracoracoideus and pectoralis

Front 97

this structure protects the eye, moves fluid across the eye's surface, and moves from medial to lateral

Back 97

nictitaing membrane

Front 98

what term is used to describe animals active during the day

Back 98

diurnal

Front 99

what cells are responsible for processing colored images

Back 99

cones

Front 100

what is the function of the operculum

Back 100

helps to funnel sound into the ear

Front 101

what structures sense very slight feathers movements

Back 101

herbst corpuscles

Front 102

what hormone regulates feather growth and may stimuate the migration urge in birds

Back 102

thyroxin

Front 103

what is an alternate name for the gizzard

Back 103

muscular stomach

Front 104

what are known functions of ceca

Back 104

water reabsorption and fermentation of cellulose

Front 105

what part of the digestive tract is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients

Back 105

duodenum

Front 106

what is the name of the excrement of birds

Back 106

mute

Front 107

which of the following statements is true

Back 107

smaller birds generally have a higher heart rate than larger birds

Front 108

in which order of birds are erythrocytes produced in the liver and spleen

Back 108

passeriformes

Front 109

what is the main influence on the complexity of a bird's vocalizations

Back 109

the number of muscles present in the syrinx

Front 110

which is a function of air sacs

Back 110

they act as a reservoirs for air and provide warmth and moisture to facilitate its diffusion through lung capillaries

Front 111

what is the approximate amount of oxygen in inspired air that reaches the lung capillaries in birds

Back 111

nearly 21%

Front 112

what structure is found in the mammalian kidney but not the avian urogenital system

Back 112

renal pelvis

Front 113

which of the following nitrogenous wastes is present in the higest amount in the waste leaving the kidneys in birds

Back 113

uric acid

Front 114

where does a fertilized egg spend most of its time during development in the female bird

Back 114

shell gland

Front 115

what hormone is responsible for the greatly elevated level of fatty substances in the blood during egg production

Back 115

estrogen

Front 116

what hormones influence the development of a brood patch

Back 116

prolactin and estrogen

Front 117

which of the following newly hatched chicks are considered to be precocial

Back 117

ducks and geese

Front 118

which chromosomes does the female bird contribute to offspring

Back 118

z and w

Front 119

what is the average incubation temperature for most species

Back 119

35 degrees C

Front 120

which of the following statements is true

Back 120

herptiles in temperate areas go through periods of hibernation

Front 121

what is a scale

Back 121

a folding of the epidermis

Front 122

what is a spectacle

Back 122

a modified scale that covers a snake's eye

Front 123

what causes the skin and spectacle to appear dull just before a snake sheds its skin

Back 123

secretion of lymph containing enzymes between the old and new epidermal layers

Front 124

why don't amphibians drink water

Back 124

becaue they absorb water through their skin

Front 125

why aren't mydriatic agents effective in reptiles

Back 125

because the iris is made of skeletal muscle

Front 126

which animal does not have a nasolacrimal duct

Back 126

box turtle

Front 127

which animal has a structure similar to the pectin of birds

Back 127

lizard

Front 128

where is the heart located in most snakes

Back 128

at the junction of the first and second third of the animal's body length

Front 129

if reptiles have only three chambers in the heart, why don't oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix

Back 129

all of the above

Front 130

why are veinpuncture samples in reptiles and amphibians frequently contaminated with lymph

Back 130

because of large lymph vessels in close proximity with veins

Front 131

what is the name of the blood cell analogous to the mamalian neutrophil

Back 131

heterophil

Front 132

what is the predominant leukocyte in the blood of reptiles

Back 132

lymphocyte

Front 133

what factor drives respiration in reptiles

Back 133

oxygen levels in the blood

Front 134

what is the name of the structure in which gas exchange occurs in amphibians and reptiles

Back 134

faveoli

Front 135

in which animal is only the right lung present (except for a few species)

Back 135

snakes

Front 136

what is the reptile equivalent of the malleus, incus, and stapes in mammals

Back 136

columella

Front 137

what structures are responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis in snake, frogs, toads, and some lizards

Back 137

endolymphatic sacs

Front 138

what nutritional problem commonly leads to middle ear infection in chelonians

Back 138

hpyovitaminosis A

Front 139

what structure is commonly used as vomeronasal organ or accessory olfactory organ in snakes and some lizards

Back 139

tounge

Front 140

where are the venom glands located in venomous snakes

Back 140

in the upper jaw below the eyes

Front 141

what is the ph of a healthy reptilian stomach

Back 141

2 to 3

Front 142

what part of the cloaca often contains glandular tissue

Back 142

proctodeum

Front 143

why are blood glucose levels more variable in reptiles than in mammals

Back 143

because the metabolic rate of reptiles fluctuates much more than that of mammals

Front 144

which organ do snakes, crocodiles, and some species of lizards not have

Back 144

urinary bladder

Front 145

what are hemipenes

Back 145

the copulatory organs of snakes and lizards

Front 146

which hormones are involved in vitellogenesis

Back 146

estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone

Front 147

which is the purpose of diapause

Back 147

to allow normal development of the embryo before hatching

Front 148

which statement is false

Back 148

amphibians usually lay eggs in or near water

Front 149

what glands are involved in calcium and phosphorus regulation in most reptiles

Back 149

parathyroid gland and ultimobrachial bodies

Front 150

the reptilian brain is lissencephalic and therefore does not have these

Back 150

gyri of sulci on the surface

Front 151

what bone allows snakes to open their mouths so wide

Back 151

quadrate

Front 152

in which order or reptile are the vertebrae and ribs fused to the shell

Back 152

chelonia

Front 153

what are vestigial pelvic limbs of reptiles called

Back 153

spurs