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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What kind of cells divide in Meiosis II
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secondary spermatocytes
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What is the primary difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
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Spermatogenesis takes place all the time, oogenesis takes a long time
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What are the functions of the seminal vesicle
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secrete alkaline - to neutralize vagina
secrete fructose - energy source secrete clotting proteins - to clump secrete prostaglandins - motility, viability |
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What causes ejaculation
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Motor neurons cause skeletal muscle to contract rhythmically. Semen is forced out.
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What must bind to the sertoli cells to activate them
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testosterone
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Is the reproductive system necessary for a human to live?
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No
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What are the major male reproductive organs
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Testes
Series of Ducts Accessory Glands |
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What are 3 male reproductive ducts?
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Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
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What are 3 male reproductive accessory glands?
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Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Gland |
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What is the irregular ridge on the midline of the scrotum?
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Raphe
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What is the muscle surrounding the scrotum?
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Dartos Muscle
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What is the muscle that surrounds the vas deferens?
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Cremaster Muscle
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What type of gland are the testes?
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Exocrine and Endocrine
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What does the exocrine portion of the testes make?
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Sperm
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What does the endocrine part of the testes produce?
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Testosterone
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What is the outer layer of CT on the scrotum?
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Tunica Vaginalis
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What is the inner layer of CT on the scrotum?
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Tunica Albuginea
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What is the site of sperm development?
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Seminiferous Tubules
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What type of cells in the testes make testosterone?
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Leydig Cells
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What type of cells line the walls of the seminiferous tubules?
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Sertoli Cells
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What is the space called inside the seminiferous tubules?
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Lumen
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What type of junction is between the Sertoli cells?
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Tight Junction
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What purpose do the tight junctions serve?
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They form a blood testes barrier. If blood gets mixed with the sperm, the blood cells will kill the sperm.
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What are the very basic sperm cells called?
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Germ cells or Spermatogonia
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What is the first division called in meiosis?
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Reduction Division
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What is the second division in meiosis called?
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Equational Division
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What does a spermatogonia produce when it undergoes mitosis?
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One spermatogonia and one primary spermatocyte
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What does the primary spermatocyte produce when it undergoes meiosis?
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2 Secondary Spermatocytes.
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What do the secondary spermatocytes produce
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2 spermatids (each)
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What is the function of the Sertoli Cells?
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They nourish the immature sperm cells while they are developing.
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What are the final steps in a spermatid becoming a sperm?
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The spermatid gets a acrosome (cap) and a tail for motility.
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What is the very basic female sex cell called?
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Oogonia
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What results from the mitosis of an oogonia?
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A Primary Oocyte
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What results from the meiosis of an oocyte?
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A secondary oocyte and a polar body
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What results from the meiosis of a secondary oocyte?
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A mature oocyte and a 2nd polar body.
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What hormone is produced by the Leydig cells?
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Testosterone
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What are the 3 columns of erectile tissue on the penis?
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2 Corpora Cavernosa (dorsal)
1 Corpora Spongeosa (ventral) |
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What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
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An alkaline substance that cleans the urethra from urine.
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What system causes ejaculation?
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The somatic motor neurons cause skeletal muscles to contract rhythmically.
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What 3 things regulate male sex hormones?
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Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, and Testes
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What are immature male germ cells called
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Spermatogonia
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What do leydig cells do the in the testes
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make and secrete testosterone
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Where are male sex hormones regulated
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Testes |
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What are the 3 parts of the uterus
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Fundus, body, cervix
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How many oogonia does a fetus in the 4th prenatal month have
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2-5 million
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What is mechanical digestion
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chewing, kneading, mixing (peristalsis)
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What is another name for Meiosis I
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Reduction division
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Where is the site of spermatogenesis
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Seminiferous tubules
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Where does sperm do its final maturing
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epididymis (or fallopian tube)
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What are the functions of the bulbourethral (Cowpers) Gland
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secretes alkaline substance during sexual arousal to clean urine from the urethra
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Releasing and inhibiting factors are made at puberty in the....
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hypothalamus
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What are some male reproductive problems
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Undescended testicle
Prostate Cancer - young - aggressive treatment - old - no treatment Infertility Testicular Tortion - male emergency - may lose testicle |
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What tissue covers the ovaries
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Ovarian epithelium
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What are the 3 layers of the uterus
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Perimetrium
Myometrium Endometrium |
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How many oogonia does a female have at birth
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2 million and they have begun meiosis I
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What is chemical digestion
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Enzymes are secreted and break down large molecules into small ones
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What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract
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Mucosa
Submucosa Muscularis Peritoneal serosa |
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What are the 2 shapes of muscle in the muscularis
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longitudinal
circular |
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What is the serous membrane that covers organs
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visceral peritoneum
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What papillae are located on the anterior 2/3 of tongue with no taste buds
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Filiform Papillae
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What is another name for Meiosis II
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Equational division
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What is the exocrine part of the testes
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produces sperm
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What is the sperm storage area
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Ampulla
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What causes erection
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PNS causes the smooth muscle in the arteris to relax and expand with blood
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What male hormone controls the release of FSH and LH
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GnRH
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What is cripticordism
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undescended testicle
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What tissue is below the ovarian epithelium in the ovaries
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Tunica Albuginea
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What is the purpose of the vagina
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Female organ of copulation
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What are the 2 parts of the digestive system
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Gastrointestinal tract
Accessory structures |
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What kind of cells divide in Meiosis I
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Primary spermatocytes
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What is the endocrine part of the testes
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produces testosterone
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What is the name of the duct where sperm goes and fluid is added from the seminal vesicle
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Ejaculatory duct
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What causes emission
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Sympathetic NS causes emission.
Seminal fluid from the prostate, seminal vesicle, and sperm accumulates and dumps into the prostatic urethra |
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LH binds to _________ cells to cause an increased rate of spermatogenesis
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leydig cells
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What muscle attaches the uterus to the abdominal wall
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Broad ligament
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What are the fingerlike structures on the end of the fallopian tubes
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fimbrae
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What is the hymen
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a thin mucous membrane covering the vaginal opening
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What is the major function of the digestive system
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To break down food particles into molecules small enough to cross cell membranes
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What is absorption
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Passage of digested food molecules into blood and lymph
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What is special about the submucosa layer
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Contains the plexis of meissner - neurons that cause mucous to be released
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What is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
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Parietal peritoneum
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What is ascitis
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space
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What papilla are distributed among the filiform papillae and have taste buds
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fungiform papilla
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What papillae form an inverted V on the back of the tonge and have taste buds
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Circumvillate papillae
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What enzyme in the mouth breaks down fats or lipids
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lingual lipase
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What enzyme in the mouth breaks down carbohydrates
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Amalyse
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What is the function of salivary amalyse
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breaks down carbohydrates
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What are the functions of saliva
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moistens, breaks down food, keeps mouth clean, aids in talking
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What is saliva composed of
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99.5% water
.5% solutes |
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What is the name of the opening where the esophagus pierces through the diaphragm
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esophageal hiatus
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What is a hiatal hernia
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a problem where the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity
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What is the functions of the esophagus
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get food from the mouth to stomach
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What is the function of the stomach
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a mixing organ
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What is the name of the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach
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cardiac sphincter
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What is the name of the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum
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Pyloric sphincter
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What are the folds in the lining of the stomach
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Rugae
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What is the mashed up food called
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Chyme
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What are the 2 types of cells in the stomach
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Chief cells
parietal cells |
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What do parietal cells do in the stomach
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secrete HCl
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What do chief cells secrete
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Pepsinogen - which combines with HCl to make pepsin - which breaks down proteins
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What does gastric lipase do
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breaks down fats (lipids)
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What is the duct called that goes from the pancreas to the duodenum
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Duct of Wirsung
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What is the exocrine part of the pancreas
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Acini cells secrete pancreatic juice
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas
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islets of langerhans make and secrete insulin and glucagons
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What is the pancreatic juice made of
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water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes
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What pancreatic enzyme breaks down carbs
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pancreatic amylase
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What pancreatic enzyme breaks down rna
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ribonuclease
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What pancreatic enzyme breaks down dna
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Deoxynuclease
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What pancreatic enzyme breaks down lipids
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Pancreatic lipase
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Where is enterokynase made
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in the small intestine
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What combines with enterokinase to make trypsin
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Trypsinogen
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What is the most important organ in the digestive system
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Liver
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What is the function of the liver - post absorption
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Sorts out nutrients and detoxifies the blood
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What are the 3 things that make up the portal triad
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bile duct
hepatic portal vein hepatic artery |
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What is the function of the kupffer cells
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phagocytic
breaks down rbc's and wbc's rbc's = iron, globin, bilirubin |
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what problem is caused by an underdeveloped liver
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jaundice
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What is the main function of the large intestine
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fluid balance
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What are the divisions of the large intestine called
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Haustra
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What type of digestion occurs in the large intestine
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Haustral churning
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What is an enzyme produced in the stomach
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Gastrin
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What is the action of Gastrin
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promotes the secretion of gastric juice
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What is the function of Gastric Inhibitory peptide
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Produced in response to fatty acids and glucose. Stimulates the release of insulin to break down glucose
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What is the function of secretin
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stimulates the pancreas to make and dump pancreatic juice into the small intestine
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What is the function of cholecystokinin
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Causes ejection of bile
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Where is estrogen produced
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Granulosa cells
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What is the function of Progesterone
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Thickens the endometrium for implantation
Prepared mammary glands to sedrete milk Helps prevent uterine contractions |
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What is the function of Inhibin
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Inhibits FSH
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What are 4 female hormones
Hint: EPRI |
Estrogen
Progesterone Relaxin Inhibin |
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What occurs during capacition
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Sperm changes
membrane around acrosomal cap becomes fragile sperm releases several enzymes |
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What enzymes are released during capacitation to breakdown the corona radiata and zona pelucida
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hyaluronic acid
Acrosin Neuramidiase |
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What is the zygote called on day 3
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Morula
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What is the zygote called on day 5
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Blastocyte
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What are the 3 layers of the embryoblast
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Ectoderm - nervous tissue
Mesoderm - bones and muscles Endoderm - digestive tract, epithelial |
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What are the 4 membranes around the embryo
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Yolk sac
Amnion Corion Alantois |
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What is the function of the yolk sac
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contains blood stem cells, germ cells for male and female
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What is the function of the chorion
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The fetal part of the placenta
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What is the function of the alantois
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It is an extension of the fetal urinary bladder
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What are the structures that are found in the maternal and fetal placenta that transfer material from mother to baby
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Chorionic villa
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What are 4 female problems
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Ectopic pregnancy
Breast Cancer Sexually transmitted disease Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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What is the main thing that happens with sexually transmitted disease
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Causes scarring of the fallopian tubes -woman can't get pregnant.
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What is the first phase of the menstrual cycle
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The menstrual phase
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What is happening during the menstrual phase in the ovaries
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decreasing levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulates the release of GnRH which stimulates the relase of FSH and LH
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What does FSH do in the female
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Initiates the conversion of several primordial follicles into primary follicles
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What is the capsule that is formed around the secondary follicle
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Theca
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What is a primordial follicle
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A primary oocyte surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells
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How many primordial follicles does a woman in puberty have
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300-400,000
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What is the second phase of the Menstrual cycle
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The Preovulatory Phase Days 5-13
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What occurs in the uterus during the preovulatory phase
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Under the influence of FSH, the endometrium is repaired.
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What occurs during the preovulatory phase in the ovaries
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Secondary follicles enlarge and the fluid filled vesicles fuse into a large antrum
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During the preovulatory phase the follicle is referred to as a
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Graaphian Follicle
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When does the primary oocyte complete meiosis I
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Just before ovulation
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What is the phase of the menstrual cycle at days 15-28
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Post ovulatory
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What occurs in the ovary during post ovulatory phase
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The graafian follicle and thecal cells become the corpus luteum
Meiosis II is completed |
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What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs
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The corpus luteum enlarges and keeps secreting progesterone
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What happens in the uterus during the post ovulatory phase
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Progesterone and estrogen promote the growth of endometrial glands which results in the thickening of the endometrium in preparation for implantation
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What happens in the uterus if no pregnancy occurs
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The decreasing levels of progesterone and estrogen cause uterine arteries to constrict and the endometrium is sloughed off again.
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What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
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It degenerates to form the corpus albicans
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What 4 pancreatic enzymes break down proteins hint: CCET
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chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase Elastase trypsinogen |
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What are 3 hormones produced in the small intestine
Hint: GSC |
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Secretin Cholecystokinin |
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What are 3 main differences between a primary follicle and primordial follicle
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Primary follicle is larger
PF has zona pellucida PF has several layers of granulosa |
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What are 4 functions of testosterone in the male?
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Development of male rep. structures
Puberty Maintenance of sperm cell production Influences male behavior |
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What are 6 functions of hepatocytes
Hint: CLPRSA |
carb metabolism
Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism remove drugs and hormones store vitamins activation of vitamin D |
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What are the 3 layers of a blastocyst
Hint: BET |
Trophoblast - becomes placenta
Embryoblast - becomes embryo Blastocele - fluid filled area |
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What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa?
Hint: ELM |
epithelial layer - protect, secrete
lamina propria - areolar ct, macrophages muscular mucosa - muscle layer, cause folds |
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What are the 4 secretions of the Seminal Vesicle?
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Alkaline fluid-neutralize acid in vagina.
Fructose-energy source Clotting proteins-for clumping Prostaglandins - sperm motility |
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What 2 changes after the sperm enters the egg
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the oocyte completes meiosis II
the zona pelucida changes to prevent more sperm from entering |
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What does FSH stimulate in the female
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The secretion of estrogen from the growing follicles
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What does FSH do in the male?
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Binds Sertoli cells and causes an increased rate of spermatogenesis.
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What does LH do in the female
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Stimulates the primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles
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What does LH do in the male?
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Binds the leydig cells and increases testosterone synthesis.
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What does estrogen do in the female?
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inhibits the release of GnRH
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What does inhibin do in males?
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It's made by the sertoli cells and blocks secretion of FSH (when the ampulla is full)
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What does the prostate gland secrete?
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Milky alkaline fluid w/ fructose, clotting proteins
prostaglandins. |
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What is the function of relaxin in females
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relaxes the uterin muscles
relaxes pubic symphysis allows cervix to relax and dilate |
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What is the path of the sperm from testes to penis?
Hint: 6 parts |
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory Duct Urethra |
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What system controls Emission?
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The SNS
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What system controls erection?
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PNS causes arteries to relax and fill with blood.
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Where is inhibin made in the male
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Sertoli cells
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Where is relaxin made in the female
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Corpus Luteum
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