Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Vesicular Transport |
- Exocytosis × moves material out of cell × material is carried in a membraneous vesicle × vesicle migrates to plasma membrane × material is emptied to the outside - Endocytosis × extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membraneous vesicle Phagocytosis - cell eating Pinocytosis - cell drinking |
|
|
Cell Life Cycle |
Cells have two major periods: - Interphase × cell grows × cell carries out metabolic process - Cell division × cell replicates itself × function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
|
|
|
DNA Replication |
- Genetic material is duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells - Occurs toward the end of interphase - DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template |
|
|
Mitosis |
Division of the nucleus - Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei |
|
|
(Stages of Mitosis) Prophase |
- First part of cell division - Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers - DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes - Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears |
|
|
(Stages of Mitosis) Metaphase |
- Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate |
|
|
(Stages of Mitosis) Anaphase |
- Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell - Cell begins to elongate |
|
|
(Stages of Mitosis) Telophase |
- Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin - Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin - Spindles break down and disappear |
|
|
Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm - Begins when mitosis is near completion - Results in the formation of two daughter cells - Begins during late anaphase + completes during telophase - A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts |
|
|
Protein Synthesis |
- Gene DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein - Proteins have many functions: × building materials for cells × act as enzymes (biological catalysts) - RNA is essential for it |
|
|
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein |
|
|
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built |
|
|
Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome |
|
|
Transcription |
- Transfer of information from DNA's base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA - Three base sequences on mRNA are called codons |
|
|
Translation |
- Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence - Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins |
|
|
Tissues |
Group of cells w/ similar structures and function - Four primary types: × epithelial tissues (epithelium) × connective tissues × muscle tissue × nervous tissue |
|
|
Epithelial Tissues |
- Locations: × body coverings × body linings × glandular tissue - Functions: × protection × absorption × filtration × secretion Characteristics: × cells fit closely together + often form sheets × the apical surface is the free surface of the tissue × the lower surface of the ___ rests on a basement membrane × avascular (no blood supply) × regenerate easily if well nourished |
|
|
Simple Squamous Epithelium |
- Single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane; cells fit together like floor tiles - Some also form serous membranes/serosae - the slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity + cover the organs |
|
|
Simple Cubodial Epithelium |
- One layer of cubodial cells resting on a basement membrane, common in the glands + their ducts - Forms the walls of the kidney tubules + covers the surface of the ovaries |
|
|
Simple Columnar Epithelium |
- Made up of a single layer of cells that for closely together - Goblet cells are usually seen in this type of epithelium |
|
|
Transitional Epithelium |
Highly modified, stratified, squamous epithelium that forms the living of only a few organs - the bladder, ureters, + part of the urethra |
|
|
Endocrine Glands |
Often called ductless glands; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through their glands Ex.: thyroid, adrenals, + pituitary |
|
|
Exocrine Glands |
Excretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface; include the sweat + oil glands, liver, + pancreas |
|
|
Bone |
- Hard matrix of calcium salts - Large # of calcium fibers - Used to protect + support the body |
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage |
- Most common type of cartilage - Composed of: × abundant collagen fibers × rubbery matrix - Locations: × larynx × entire fetal skeleton prior to birth |
|
|
Elastic Cartilage |
- Produces elasticity - Location: × supports the external ear |
|
|
Fibrocartilage |
- Highly compressible - Location: × forms the cushion-like disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column |
|
|
Dense Connective/Fibrous Tissue |
- Main matrix element is collagen fiber - Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers - Locations: × tendons - attach skeletal muscle to bone × ligaments - attach bone to bone at joints × dermis - lower layers of the skin |
|
|
Areolar Tissue |
- Most widely distributed connective tissue - Soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs - Functions as a packing tissue - Contains all fiber types - Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema) |
|
|
Adipose Tissue |
- Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate - Many cells contain large lipid deposits - Functions: × insulates the body × protects some organs × serves as a site of fuel storage |
|
|
Reticular Connective Tissue |
- Delicate network of interwoven fibers - Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs: × lymph nodes × spleen × bone marrow |
|
|
Blood (vascular tissue) |
- Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma - Fibers are visible during clotting - Functions as the transport vehicle for materials |
|
|
Muscle Tissue |
- Produces movement - Three types: × Skeletal × Cardiac × Smooth |
|
|
Skeletal Muscle |
- Under voluntary control - Contracts to pull on bones or skin - Produces gross body movements or facial expressions - Characteristics of cells: × striated × multinucleate (more than one nucleus) × long, cylindrical |
|
|
Cardiac Muscle |
- Under involuntary control - Found only in the heart - Function is to pump blood - Characteristics of cells: × attached to other muscle cells at intercalated disks × striated × one nucleus per cell |
|
|
Smooth Muscle |
- Under involuntary control - Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, + blood vessels - Characteristics of cells: × no visible striations × one nucleus per cell × spindle-shaped cells |
|
|
Nervous Tissue |
- Composed of neurons + nerve support cells - Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body × irritability × conductivity |
|
|
Tissue Repair |
- Regeneration × replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells - Fibrosis × repair by dense/fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) - Determination of method × type of tissue damaged × severity of the injury |
|
|
Events in Tissue Repair |
- Capillaries become permeable × introduce clotting proteins × a clot walls off injures area - Formulation of granulation tissue × growth of new capillaries × rebuild collagen fibers - Regeneration of surface epithelium × scab detaches |
|
|
Regeneration of Tissues |
- Tissues that regenerate easily: × epithelial × fibrous connective tissues + bone - Tissues that regenerate poorly: × skeletal muscle
- Tissues that are replaced largely w/ scar tissue: × cardiac muscle × nervous tissue within the brain + spinal cord |
