Anatomy And Physiology Ch. 1 (Organization Of The Human Body) Vocab

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

science of structure and the relationship among structures

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

science of body functions

Front 3

atoms

Back 3

smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions

Front 4

molecule

Back 4

two or more atoms joined together

Front 5

cells

Back 5

basic structural and functional units of an organism and are the smallest living units in the human body

Front 6

tissues

Back 6

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

Front 7

organs

Back 7

body structures that have a recognizable shape, are composed of two or more different types of tissues, and have specific functions

Front 8

organelles

Back 8

special structures in cells

Front 9

serous membrane

Back 9

layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs

Front 10

system

Back 10

related organs that have a common function

Front 11

organism

Back 11

a living being, one individual

Front 12

metabolism

Back 12

sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

Front 13

responsiveness

Back 13

body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment

Front 14

movement

Back 14

motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles within cells

Front 15

growth

Back 15

increase in body size due to increase in either the size of existing cells, number of cells, or amount of material surrounding cells

Front 16

differentiation

Back 16

process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized (different in size and function from the cells they came from)

Front 17

reproduction

Back 17

either formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual

Front 18

homeostasis

Back 18

maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body despite internal and external changes

Front 19

interstitial fluid

Back 19

fluid surrounding body cells

Front 20

dynamic

Back 20

able to change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life processes

Front 21

feedback system (feedback loop)

Back 21

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

Front 22

controlled condition

Back 22

each monitored condition in a feedback loop

Front 23

stimulus

Back 23

any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition in a feedback loop

Front 24

receptor

Back 24

body structure that monitors changes in a controlled contition and send information to the control center within a feedback loop

Front 25

input

Back 25

information about changes in a controlled condition via nerve impulses or chemical changes in a feedback loop

Front 26

control center

Back 26

sets ranges of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed within a feedback loop

Front 27

output

Back 27

information, via nerve impulses or chemical signals, that is relayed from the control center to an effector

Front 28

effector

Back 28

body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response

Front 29

response

Back 29

effect that changes the controlled condition

Front 30

negative feedback system

Back 30

system that reverses a change in a controlled condition

Front 31

positive feedback system

Back 31

system that reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition

Front 32

disorder

Back 32

any disturbance of structure and/or function

Front 33

disease

Back 33

illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Front 34

symptoms

Back 34

changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

Front 35

signs

Back 35

objective changes in body structures/functions that a clinician can observe and measure

Front 36

pathogens

Back 36

disease-causing microbes

Front 37

infectious disease

Back 37

pathogens invade a susceptible host and cause a disease

Front 38

local disease

Back 38

disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body

Front 39

systematic disease

Back 39

disease that affects either several body parts or the entire body

Front 40

pathology

Back 40

science that deals with the nature, cause, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that occur from disease processes

Front 41

epidemiology

Back 41

science of the why, when, and where of diseases and how they are transmitted in a human community

Front 42

pharmacology

Back 42

science of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

Front 43

diagnosis

Back 43

identification of a disease or disorder based on a scientific evaluation of the patient

Front 44

medical history

Back 44

collection of information about events that might be related to a person's illness

Front 45

physical examination

Back 45

orderly evaluation of the body and its functions

Front 46

aging

Back 46

normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis

Front 47

directional terms

Back 47

words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

Front 48

anatomical position

Back 48

subject standing straight while facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward; feet are flat on the floor, arms at the side with palms turned forward

Front 49

superior

Back 49

toward the head, or the upper part of a structure (one organ being above another)

Front 50

inferior

Back 50

away from the head, or the lower part of a structure (one organ being below another)

Front 51

anterior

Back 51

nearer to or at the front of the body

Front 52

posterior

Back 52

nearer to or at the back of the body

Front 53

caudal

Back 53

toward the tail

Front 54

ventral

Back 54

belly (front) side

Front 55

dorsal

Back 55

back side

Front 56

medial

Back 56

close to the midline or midsagittal plane

Front 57

lateral

Back 57

farther from the midline

Front 58

proximal

Back 58

nearer to something

Front 59

distal

Back 59

farther from something

Front 60

superficial

Back 60

toward or on the surface of the body

Front 61

deep

Back 61

away from the surface of the body

Front 62

sagittal plane

Back 62

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right sides

Front 63

midsagittal plane

Back 63

vertical plane that passes through the midline that divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides

Front 64

parasagittal plane

Back 64

vertical plane that divides the body or organ into unequal left and right sides

Front 65

frontal (coronal) plane

Back 65

divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Front 66

transverse plane

Back 66

plane that divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Front 67

oblique plane

Back 67

plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle

Front 68

body cavities

Back 68

spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

Front 69

dorsal body cavity

Back 69

body cavity located near the dorsal (back) surface of the body; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities

Front 70

cranial cavity

Back 70

cavity formed by the skull bones and contains the brain

Front 71

vertebral (spinal) cavity

Back 71

cavity formed by the bones of the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord

Front 72

ventral body cavity

Back 72

cavity located on the ventral side of the body that contains organs collectively called the viscera; includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 73

thoracic cavity

Back 73

chest cavity; separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm; divided into three smaller cavities