Anatomy And Physiology 307 Uu Set 2

Front 1

Each individual bone is a(n) ______.

Back 1

organ

Front 2

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 2

support

protection

movement

storage and release of minerals and triglycerides

hemopoiesis

Front 3

"growing between"

Back 3

diaphysis

Front 4

"growing over"

Back 4

epiphysis

Front 5

"between"

Back 5

meta-

Front 6

"round"

Back 6

peri-

Front 7

"within"

Back 7

endo-

Front 8

Describe the composition of bones

Back 8

25% water

25% collagen fibers

50% crystallized salts

Front 9

What two components combine to provide high tensile strength in bone

Back 9

Ca3(PO4)2- calcium diphosphate

Ca(OH)2 -- calcium hydroxide

Front 10

What provides the flexibility?

Back 10

collagen

Front 11

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Back 11

Osteogenic cell

osteoblast

osteocyte

osteoclast

Front 12

describe osteogenic cells

Back 12

develop into osteoblasts

pluripotent cell

Front 13

Describe an osteoblast

Back 13

forms bone matrix

Front 14

Describe Osteocytes

Back 14

maintains bone tissue

Front 15

Describe Osteoclasts

Back 15

function in resorption, the breakdown of bone matrix.

ruffled border

Front 16

How are osteons arranged?

Back 16

in the same direction along lines of stress

lines of stress change as you grow

Front 17

"little beam"

Back 17

trabeculae

Front 18

Describe the epiphyseal line

Back 18

also known as the growth plate

solid line between the metaphysis and epiphysis

Front 19

Give the two types of bone formation

Back 19

Intramembranous

Endochondral

Front 20

What are formed thru Intramembranous ossification?

Back 20

flat bones of the skull

Front 21

What are formed thru endochondral ossification?

Back 21

most of the rest of the bones are formed this way from a cartilaginous model

Front 22

Describe intramembranous ossification

Back 22

1. Development of an ossification center

2. calcification of osteoblasts to osteocytes

3. Formation of trabeculae

4. Development of the Periosteum

Front 23

Describe endochondral ossification

Back 23

1. Development of a cartilaginous model

2. growth of cartilaginous model

3. development of primary ossification center

4. development of the medullary cavity

5. development of secondary ossification center

6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Front 24

Bone growth lenthwise

Back 24

interstitial growth

Front 25

bone growth thickness

Back 25

appositional growth

Front 26

describe appositional growth

Back 26

1. ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel

2. periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel (Haversian canal)

3. osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon

4. bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new outer circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels.

Front 27

What factors affect bone growth?

Back 27

Diet

Hormones (sex hormones, thyroid, etc.)

Excercise

Front 28

What is the mechanism of fracture healing?

Back 28

1. Hematoma formation- fibrin mesh creates framework

2. osteoprogenitor cells get activated that deposit subperiosteal trabeculae

3. bony callus is formed

4. maturation of callus, formation of new medullary cavity

Front 29

More on the process of fracture healing

Back 29

1. formation of fracture hematoma

2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation

3. bony callus formation

4. bone remodeling

Front 30

How does aging affect bone tissue?

Back 30

demineralization leads to osteoporosis

decreases rate of protein synthesis leading to decreased matrix components

Front 31

Describe the major divisions of the skeletal system

Back 31

axial skeleton- 80 bones

appendicular skeleton- 126 bones

Front 32

What are the three functions of the sinuses?

Back 32

lighten head

resonating chamber

warm air entering body

Front 33

"beside"

Back 33

para

Front 34

What are fontanels?

Back 34

soft spots in the skull resulting from unossified mesenchyme

allow for easier passage during birth

Front 35

What is the most common type of chest injury?

Back 35

dislocation of a rib

Front 36

what are some contributions of the appendicular skeleton?

Back 36

provide attachment points and leverage for muscles

aids in body movements

supports and protects internal organs

store and release calcium

primary function is movement

Front 37

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Back 37

support of the body and protection of vital organs

Front 38

What is the proper weight distribution on the feet?

Back 38

60% ball

40% heel

Front 39

"joint"

Back 39

arthr-

Front 40

"movement"

Back 40

kinesi-

Front 41

Describe the purpose of joints

Back 41

allow for movement and flexibility

bones are too rigid to bend without damage

Flexible connective tissues form joints that hold together bones while still permitting movement

Front 42

how are joints classified?

Back 42

anatomical characteristics

functionality

Front 43

On what two criteria are joints classified anatomically?

Back 43

presence of a space between articulating bones (synovial cavity)

type of connective tissue binding bones together

Front 44

What are the three types of structural classification?

Back 44

Fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

synovial joints

Front 45

describe fibrous joints

Back 45

no synovial cavity

dense irregular connective tissue (collagen fibers)

Front 46

Describe cartilaginous joints

Back 46

no synovial cavity; cartilage

Front 47

Describe synovial joints

Back 47

synovial cavity

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 48

List the functional classifications of joints

Back 48

synarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

diarthrosis

Front 49

Describe synarthrosis

Back 49

immoveable joint

Front 50

describe amphiarthrosis

Back 50

slightly moveable

Front 51

Describe diarthrosis

Back 51

freely moveable joint

Front 52

What are 3 types of fibrous joints?

Back 52

sutures (synarthrosis)

syndsmoses (amphiarthrosis)

interosseous membranes

Front 53

What are the components of synovial joints?

Back 53

synovial cavity

articular capsule

synovial fluid ("uncooked egg")

Front 54

what helps reduce friction in joints?

Back 54

Bursae- saclike structures

tendon sheaths- tubelike bursae, wrap around tendons

Front 55

What type of joint is found in the wrist?

Back 55

gliding

Front 56

Describe flexion

Back 56

decreasing the angle between articulating bones

Front 57

Describe extension

Back 57

increasing the angle between articulating bones

Front 58

Describe abduction

Back 58

away from the midline

Front 59

Describe adduction

Back 59

toward the midline

Front 60

Describe circumduction

Back 60

movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle (shoulder, hip)

Front 61

Medial rotation vs lateral rotation

Back 61

medial- towards the midline

lateral- away from the midline

for the hip, rotation is defined based on the movement of the head of the femur

Front 62

What are the 4 special movements of the chin?

Back 62

elevation

depression

protraction

retraction

Front 63

Movements of intertarsal joints (2)

Back 63

Inversion- big toe up

Eversion- little toe up

Front 64

movements of the ankle joint

Back 64

dorsiflexion- toes up

plantarflexion- toes down

Front 65

Movement of radioulnar joint

Back 65

pronation- palm posterior

supination- palm anterior

Front 66

carpometacarpal joint

Back 66

opposition- ability to touch the thumb to forefingers

Front 67

Planar joints

Back 67

biaxial

ex. joint between naviular and cuniform in the foot

Front 68

hinge joints

Back 68

convex and concave

ex. knee joint

Front 69

pivot joints

Back 69

monoaxial

ex. pivot joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna

Front 70

condyloid joints

Back 70

biaxial

"knuckle"

ex. joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate in the wrist

Front 71

saddle joint

Back 71

articular surface fits into a "saddle"

ex. joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

Front 72

ball-and-socket joint

Back 72

triaxial

ex. head of femur and hip

Front 73

What factors affect contact and range of motion at synovial joints?

Back 73

1. shape of articulating joints

2. Strength & tension of the joint ligament

3. Arrangement & tension of the muscles

4. contact of soft parts

5. hormones

6. disuse

Front 74

Give 3 theories of what happens when you pop your knuckles

Back 74

1. escaping gases

2. movements of joints, ligaments, and tendons

3. rough surfaces

Front 75

How does the skeletal system contribute to the body?

Back 75

bones provide support for the internal organs; bones store and release calcium, which is needed for proper functioning of most body tissues

Front 76

How does the skeletal system contribute to the integumentary system?

Back 76

Bones provide strong support for overlying muscles and skin

Front 77

How does the skeletal system contribute to the integumentary system?

Back 77

Provide attachment points and leverage for muscles to bring about body movements

Front 78

How does the skeletal system contribute to the nervous system?

Back 78

skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord

Front 79

How does the skeletal system contribute to the cardiovascular system?

Back 79

red bone marrow carries out hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)