Anatomy And Physiology

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Homozygous?

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Homo - two of the same

Zygous - parents 2 of the same genes from parents

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Heterozygous

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Two different genes heteron- 2 different

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Genotype

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In dna

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Phenotype

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The physical things the dna codes for

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What is genetics

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Study of genes, heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics and it’s properties

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. Stored as a code : guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine

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RNA

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Ribonucleic acid, essential in various biological roles: coding decoding and expression of genes.

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MRNA

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It’s function is to act as an intermediary between genetic information in DNA and amino acid.

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Central dogma of molecular

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Two step process describing process transcription and translation by which information in genes flows into proteins DNA, RNA, protein

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What is transcription

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Synthesis of an rna copy of a segment of dna RNA is synthesised by the enzyme of RNA polymerase

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Mendelian inheritance

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The way certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism eg. Alleles sepereate during gamete formation and randomly unite at fertilisation

And law of independent assortment states alleles get sorted into gametes independently eg the allele a gamete receives for one gene eg hitchhikers thumb and attached earlobes are not traits that would influence each other where as being ginger and having freckles are on the same allele so would inherent them both

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Chromosome

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Dna molecule with part or all of genetic material of an organism. We have 23 pairs of chromosomes. 23rd chromosome determines sex. On chromosomes are alleles which determine phenotypes and genotypes

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Gene

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Found in almost every cells nucleus and are made of dna segments of dna called genes are the ingredients each gene adds a specific protein to the recipe. Proteins build regulate and maintain your body

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Dominant and recessive genes

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Individuals receive 2 versions of a gene known as alleles if the alleles of a gene are different one allele will be expressed it is the dominant gene recessive genes are the ones that are masked and will sometimes make up a persons genotype but not be present in their phenotype

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Autosomes

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All chromosomes apart from sex chromosomes there are 22 autosome pairs in humans they are highly similar in shape and length

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Trisomy 21

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Downsyndrome, caused by additional copy of 21st chromosome caused by non disjunction of gametogenisis - when a pair of chromosomes did not seperate

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Transcription

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Process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in dna strand into rna

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Translation

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Process of translating sequence of mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

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Translocation

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Results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes including balanced and unbalanced translocation two fragments of chromosomes are switched

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Mitosis

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Essential process involving equal division of genetic material from parent cell into two identical daughter cells from sperm and egg

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Meiosis

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Type of cell division resulting in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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Miosis

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Excessive construction of the pupil of the eye

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Punnet square

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Square diagram used to predict genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

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Cri du chat

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Known as 5pminus syndrome genetic condition where deletion of genetic material occurs

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Apoptosis

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A form of cell death in Which a programmes sequence of events leads to elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into surrounding area - helps maintain healthy old and unnecessary cells

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Haploid

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Term used when a cell has half the number of chromosomes after meiosis

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Diploid

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Cell or organism with paired chromosomes eg human sex cells

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Karyotype

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Picture of a persons chromosomes

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Mutation

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Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism

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Telomere

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Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at abc end of a chromosome which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes