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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cerebrum has:
convolutions= ridge= groove= |
convolutions: foldings (ridges and valleys) on surface to increase surface area
ridge=gyms groove- shallow= sulcus, deep=fissure |
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longitudinal fissure
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divides cerebrum into right and left hemisphere
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transverse fissure
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separates cerebrum and cerebellum
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each hemisphere has 5 lobes
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frontal, parietal (separated by central sulcus)
temporal (separated by lateral fissure) occipital insula- only lobe not visible from surface- pull areas apart at lateral fissure to see |
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Regions of the cerebrum
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-cerebral cortex- outer surface, gray matter 2-4mm thick, 6 layers of neurons
-white matter of cerebrum- under cortex -cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia)- clusters of gray matter that are stuck w/in white matter |
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cerebral cortex
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motor areas, sensory areas, multimodal association areas
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motor areas
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control voluntary motor
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sensory areas
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interpret incoming sensory
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multimodal association areas
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more complex activities
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motor areas of the cerebral cortex
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all in front lobe:
primary motor cortex premotor cortex broca's area frontal eye field |
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primary motor cortex
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controls voluntary motor function thruout most of body
-located on gyrus anterior to central sulcus "pre-central gyrus" -specific groups of neurons on primary motor cortex control specific muscle groups -"Motor homunculus"- map of primary motor cortex areas w/finer motor control have more area on the motor homunculus -axons from primary motor cortex to pryamids of medulla. if area is damaged, lose control of body on opp side. mo movement |
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motor homunculus
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map of primary motor cortex areas w/ finer motor control have more areas on here
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premotor cortex
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anterior to primary motor cortex
-memory band for skilled motor events -learned motor events (bike, write, instrument) if damaged, can still move just find, but don't have memory of motor events. can be re-learned *know how to type name |
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broca's area
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one side only, 90% of us on left, motor speech area
-coordinates motor movementss for speech (mouth, tongue, lips, larynx, lungs) -can think it, but not physically say it |
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frontal eye field
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voluntary movement of the eyes
-if damaged, can't control the eye movement |
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sensory areas/sensory association areas of the cerebral cotex
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areas (experience, interpret incoming sensory info) association (comprehend. store memories associated w/ specific sensation. allow interpretation of info based on memories)
-primary somatosensory cortex -somatosensory association cortex -primary visual cortex -visual assocation area -primary auditory cortex -auditory association area -primary gustatory cortex -primary olfactory cortex -equilibrium cortex -visceral sensory/association cortex |
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primary somatosensory cortex
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located on gyrus posterior to central sulcus
"post central gyrus" -receives and interprets incoming somatic sensory info (from skin, muscles, bones, joints) -localized it. tells where in the body -specific neurons receive somatic sensory info from specific body regions "Sensory homunculus"- mapping of it face and hands have more neurons than areas that are less sensitive more sensitive= more neurons receive or interpret any info from area |
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somatosensory association cortex
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post, to primary somatosensory cortex
-parietal lobe -stores memories of previous somatic sensory events, interprets incoming based on memory keys or coin pocket. cat tell if cat or dog when feeling. can still feel if damaged, but no memory of what it is |
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primary visual cortex
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most posterior part of the occipital lobe receives/interprets incoming visual info
-you see |
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visual association area
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in occipital lobe
-stores memories previous visual events, interprets incoming based on memory -you comprehend what you see |
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primary auditory cortex
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temporal lobe
receives/interprets incoming auditory info |
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auditory association area
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stores memory of previous auditory events, allows you to interpret incoming based on memory
-allows you to comprehend what you hear -know mom's voice -works strongly with another area |
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primary gustatory cortex
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located in insula (tucked inside)
receives/interprets taste infor |
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primary olfactory cortex
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medial aspect of temporal lobe
-receives and interprets smell info |
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equilibrium cortex
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insula
conscious awareness of balanced (falling, etc.) doesn't regulate balance tho |
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visceral sensory/ association area
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receives and interprets conscious sensory info from guts (pee, throw up, tummy ache)
-stores memory of previous visceral sensations (events) |
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multimodal association areas of cerebral cortex
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-more complex brain functions
-typically receive info from several other brain regions, process info, send info to several other areas Wernicke's area affective language association area pre frontal cortex posterior association area |
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Wernicke's area
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-temporal lobe
-one side only, 90% of pop on left language comprehension area -understand what you hear -understand spoken and written language -also allows you to mentally formulate coherent speech (works w/auditory area) |
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affective language association area
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one side, 90% of pop on right
emotional speech area allows you to use tone of voice use body language, facial expression, tone, and intensity of voice to understand and communicate emotional content of speech |
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pre fronatl cortex (anterior association area)
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the most anterior part of frontal lobe
-one of the most complec regions of brain -memory, intelligence, personality, reasoning, judgement, abstract thinking, conscience, ability to understand consequences of actions. motivation =mature slowly in children =part are very dependent on the environment |
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posterior association area
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most in temporal and occipital lobes
stores complex memories associated w/ sensation makes decisions based on memory receives and evaluates info from several sensory areas -all sensation areas go here. evaluates situation, makes decisions based on info gets 2.responsibility for spacial perceptions- orients you and your surroundings in space 3.gives you identity that your body is your. awareness amorphosynthesis= not recognizing half of your body as yours |
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amorphosynthesis
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not recognizing half of your body as yoours
posterior association area |
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hemisphere laterilaztion of cereberal cortex
left right |
left= sensory and motor on rt. science and math skills.
reasoning, logic. 90% written and spoken language. includes sign language. right= sensory and motor on left 90% emotional language area free spirited. creativity, imagination, artistic and musical ability. physiological dominance= dominant for language |
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White matter of cerebrum
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commisural fibers- carry info one hemi to other hemi
corpus collosum- largest bundle of commisural fibers, at base of longitudinal fissure projection fibers- carry info cerebral cortex back and forth to lower brain, spinal cord association fibers- place place w/in the same hemi |
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cerebral (basal) nucluei (basal ganglia) of cerebrum
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paired masses of gray matter buried in white matter of cerebrum
-includes corpus striatum nucleus -subconscious/ semiconscious regulation of skeletal muscle -muscle tone (slight state of contraction) -decrease unwanted muscle movements (rigidity, tremor) -initiating and terminating movements -regulating intensity stereotypical movements -positioning for more discrete movements Parkinson's= insufficient dopamine to basal ganglia |
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cerebellum
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posterior to brain stem
2 hemis gray matter outsite, white matter inside small covolutions on surface subconscious motor activity- balance, coordination, and posture "comparator"- compares present location w/desired location, decides force, direction, and degree of muscle cx to go from present to desired location maintaining balance and posture, having coordinated movements, w/out overshot ataxia- uncoordinated movements, lose balance, slurred speech alocohol causes ataxia- compresses CNS |
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functional brain systmes
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interconnected neurons that are found in many areas of the brain
work together to carry out specific functions -reticular activating system -limbic system |
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reticular activating system
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interconnected neurons in medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
-determine level of alertness -active when asleep, wake up, during day -regulates amt of into that gets to cerebrum more info to cerebrum to more cerebral activity to higher level of consciousness time to go to sleep- RAS neurons inhibitied , decrease info to cerebrum. IPSP generated wake- RAS neurons stimulated, easier to reach threshold more impulses to cerebrum EPSPS genereated |
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limbic system
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emotional brain
regulates emotional aspects of behavior, especially those associated w/survival affection, joy, pleasure, pain, anger, aggression, sexual desire, etc. FEAR -interconnected neurons in thalumus, hypothalumus, epithalumus, medial aspect of cerebrum connected to other areas, prevents us from acting on emotions the whole time |
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Meninges
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3 layers CT around brain
function: protect brain, vessels, from partitions in skull, enclose circulating cerebrospinal fluid |
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Dura mater
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tough, white CT around brain, outermost layer meninges
2 layers- outer periosteal dura mater, inner meningeal dura matar : infused together over most of brain few areas where space btw 2 dura mater . layers = dural sinuses, they function as veins b/c collect deoxy blood. superior sagittal sinus |
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3 areas where meningeal dura matar folds inward- forms partitions in skulll
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1.falx cerebri: btw cerebral hemis, attaches to crista galli (ethmoid). = helps prevent lateral movement of brain
2. falx cerebelli btw cerebellar hemis, attaches to occipital bone, helps prevent lateral movement of brain 3.tentorium cerebelli- btw cerbrum and cerebellum, attaches to occipital bones. = helps to support cerebellum in the back |
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Arachnoid
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soft, cottony layer
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pia mater
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transparent, attaches to brain surface
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b/t dura mater and arachnoid
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subdural space
serous fluid subarachnoid space + cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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clear, colorless
found in subarachnoid space around brain and spinal cord, central canal of spinal cord, found in the 4 ventricals in brain |
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ventricles
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cavities filled w/cerebr. fluid
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Charoid plexuses
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filter blood and produce CSF
-network of capillaries covered by ependyemal cells (ep. cells joinedy by tight junctions) 1 charoid plexuses in each ventricle |
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tight junctions
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cell prevents movement btw cells. they are "zipped" and are selective, all materials have to go thru. It forms blood-CSF barrier
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Ventricles
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lateral ventricles (1 and 2)
-one in each cerebral hemi -one backwar "c" shape -charoid plexuses here produce ~80% of CSF -septum pellucidium membrane separates 2 cerebral hemis -CSF goes thru choroid plexuses |
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interventricular foramen (3rd ventricle)
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slit-like space btw2 halves of thalamus
-more CSF produced here |
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cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)
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after 3rd ventricle
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4th ventricle
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btw cerebellum and brainstem more CSF produced
1. subarachnoid space 2.central canal of spinal cord |
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functions of cerebro fluid
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1.cushion, shock absorber
2.brain is floating, it decreases the effective weight of the brain 97%, so it prevents neurons from being crushed |
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what happens to extra CSF
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returned toblood at arachnoid granulations fingerlike projections of arachnoid to thru meningeal dura mater into superior sagital sinus
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hydrocephalus
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still produce CSF even if blocke, then will accumulate usually in ventricles
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babies
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can push skull bones apart over 18 months, puts pressure on brain, so can get brain brain damage
tx: shunt- tube taht goes from ventricles down to abdominal cavity to allow excess fluid to drain |
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blood supply to/from brain
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arteries
veins blood brain barrier |
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arteries
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2 pairs of arteries carry blood to brain
Internal carotid arters= travel up front of neck- enter skull thru carotid canals (temporal bones) vertebral arteries- go up the transverse formina of cerebral vertebrae to enter skull thru foramen magna of occipital bone once inside skull to unite to form basilar artery carotid arteries and basilar artery joined by "communicating arteries" into circle of arteries at base of cerebrum ="cerebro-arterial circle" advantage: if 1 artery is partially blocked, all areas of the cerebrum still receive some blood branching off cerebro-arterial circle are 3 prs arteries carry blood to cerebrum. anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries |
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veins
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all veins in the brain empty into dural sinuses to which empty into internal jugular veins to which exit skull cavity thru jugualr foramina (btw occipital and temporal bones) to empty into subclavian veins
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blood brain barrier
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capillaries restrict what leaves the blood and empty into cavities.
cells forming cap. wall joined by tight junctions and cap. completely surrounded by extensions of astrocytes regulates movement materials blood to brain |
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astrocyte feet
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secrete substances causing cells in cap. walls to form tight junctions
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fat soluble
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substances can cross very easily (fat sol sub can go anywhere in body)
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for water soluble
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substances, there has to be carrier molecules for them to move blood to brain
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in babies
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blood brain barrier not fully developed. newborns- bilirubin can cross blood brain barrier
if bilirubin level high can cause brain damage hight bilirubin= jaundice. due to breakdwon of red blood cells excreted by liver. 1.increase what kid is eating 2. use bili lights- blue wavelenghts of light will break down bilirubing |
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spinal cord
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begins at foramen magnum- extends to 2nd lumbar vertebra
-diameter of thumb *enlargement due to more motor nueron cell bodies to carry motor info to arms and legs |
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pairs
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31 pairs spinal nerves( exit thru intevertebral foramina
8 prs cervical nerves 12 prs thoracic 5 prs lumbar (exit thru sacral foramina) 1 pr coccygeal (exit thru sacral hiatus) |
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meninges
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around spinal cord same 3 layers as around brain, continuous w/meninges of brain
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dura mater
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meningeal dura mater only
dense CT epidural space- outside dura mater and btw vertebrae (bone) : filled w/ fat, spinal nerves pass thru -subdural space, serous fluid |
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arachnoid
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spider-like
-subarachnoid space- cebrospinal fluid |
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pia mater
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attaches tightly to surface of spinal cord
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spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
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needle is inserted into CSF (thru dura mater and arachnoid) in sbubarachnoid space around spinal cord to add something to CSF, like anesthetic (spinal anesthetic) dye, antibiotics, etc.
OR to remove CSF for diagnosis usually down btw l3 and l4 *spinal cord stops at l2, so there is no risk of injury to spinal cord RISKS: infection in CSF -leakage of CSF to decrease pressure of CSF around brain- "spinal headaches" Tx for leakage: "blood patch" : 3ml of patients blood, put blood in causes blood clots, seals leaking (outside dura mater) EPIdural anesthetic- injected into epidural space -decreases risk of CSF injection and leakage-affects sensory neurons more than motor neurons adv: labor disadb:takes longer to take affect (15-20min) -sometimes gives spotty anesthesia rather than complete |
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spinal cord in cross section
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has gray matter and white matter
posterior horn: gray neuron cell bodies of sensory neurons. receive incoming sensory info, send to brain anterior horn: cell bodies somatic motor neurons. receive info from brain to send to skeletal muscles lateral horn: cell bodies autonomic motor neurons. receive info from brain to send to heart muscle. smooth muscle and glands |
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white mater of cross section
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surrounds gray matter
"tracts"- bundles of myelinated fibers. all axons in a tract have same origin and destination ascending tracts- carry info frombrain down spinal cord. sensory descending tracts- carry info from brain down spinal cord. carry motor info most tracts arenaemd by origin and destination |
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ascendign somatosensory pathways
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involved with conscious perception of sensation
-primary (first order) neuron- carries info from sensory receptor to spinal cord or brain -secondary (second order) neuron- carries info up the spinal cord all the way to thalumus -tertiary (3rd order- from thalamus to somatosensory cortex |
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descending somatic motor pathways
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regualte skeletal muscle function
-upper mottor neurons- originate in brain (usually cerebral cortex); send info to lower motor neurons -lower motor neurons- neuron cell body in brain or spinal cord to axon travels to skeletal muscles |
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Direct descend somatic motor pathways
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voluntary control skeletal muscle: upper motor neurons in cerebral cortex descend directly to the lower motor neurons
lower motor neurons carry info to skeletal muscles. "pyramidal pathway" (axons form pyramids of medulla) |
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indirect descend
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somatic motor pathways
semiconscious/subconscious control skeletal muscle balance/coordination/posture/ decrease unwanted motor movement "extraphyramidal" pathways b/c nerve fibers are outside the pyramids multiple synapses (move indirectly) -neurons in cerebral cortex synapse w/other neurons in brain before info makes it to lower motor neurons(carry info to skeletal muscles) "extrapyramidal symptoms side effects- sticking tongue out... |
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The Peripheral nervous system
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everything outside the brain and spinal cord
43 prs of nerves, carry info btw CNS and body 12 prs cranial nerves (originate in spinal cord 31 prs spinal nerves: originate in spinal cord |
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nerves
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made of many (classified according to type) axons. enclosed in CT
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sensory nerves
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all axons in nerve only carry sensory inffo
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motor nerves
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all axons carry motor info
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somatic motor nerves
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motor info to skeletal muscle
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autonomic
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carry motor info to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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mixed nerves-
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some axons carry sensory, some carry motor
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Cranial nerves
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....
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1. olfactory nerves
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originate in olfactory epithelium (roof of nasal cavity)
axons travel thru cribiform plate (ethmoid) synapse w/olfactory bulg to travel to olfactory tracts to cerebrum SENSORY |
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2.optic nerves
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originate in back of eyeballs go thru optic canal (sphenoid) to join at optic chiasma (info from the medial aspect of each eye will cross to the opposite side
*only purpose is vision *info travels down optic tracts to thalamus to cerebrum SENSORY |
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3.oculomotor nerves
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nerves innervates 4 of 6 muscles moving eyeball, eyelid, to smooth muscle controlling pupil diameter, change shape of lens (focusing)
goes thru superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone proprioception- a sense of position (f eyes closed, still know which way we are looking) *if proprioception is only sensory, then mortor *somatic motor, autonomic motor function |
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4. trochlear nerves
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carry info to 1 of 6 muscles that move eyeball
-proprioception -all go thru sup orb fiss *somatic motor nerve |
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5.trigeminal nerves
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largest of cranial nerves. facial sensation, sensory, chewing
3 branches: 1.opthalmic branch: thru sup orb fiss. carries sensory from eye to upper forehead (somatic sesn info) 2.maxillary branch: thru foramen rotundum (sphenoid),maxillary region part of nose (somatic sensory from nasal cavity: hot/cold on nose, congested) 3.mandibular branch: thru foramen ovale (sphenoid) som sens from mouth and lower jaw (burn roof of mouth, etc) motor to muscles involved in chewing |
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6. abducens nerves
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innervates 1 of 6 muscles that move eye ball
-pass thru sup orb fissure MOTOR: somatic only |
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7.facial nerves
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motor to muscle facial expression. 2 of 3 prs salivary glands, lacrimal gland (tears, taste sensation anterior. submandibular.sublingual
MIXED nerve, both somatic and autonomic motor |
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8.vestibulo- cochlear (auditory)
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-goes thru internal accousitc meatus (temporal)
-sensory- hearing and balance from inner ear |
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9.glossopharyngeal nerves
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thru jugular foramen (b/t temporal and occipital boens)
-swallowing(3 nerves. throat), salivation (parotid glands, taste sensation (poseriro 1/3 tongue) somatic,swallowing autonomic, salivating glands MIXED |
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10. vagus nerves
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thru jugular foramen
-only cranial nerves not limited to head and neck -subconscious sensory (abt how organ is functionning) from and motor to viscera -motor to the throat for swallowing, to larynx for speaking(auto, guts) MIXED |
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11. Accessory (spinal accessory)nerves-
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thru jugular foramen and foramen magnum
-motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles -proprioception Motor: somatic: skeletal mus |
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12. hypoglossal nerves
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travel thru hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
-carry motor info to tongue for speaking and swallowing -proprioception Motor( somatic b/c tongue is skeletal mus) |
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SPinal nerves
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c1-c8 cervical
t1-t12 thoracic l1-l5 lumbar s1-s5 sacral c0 coccygeal |
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ganglia
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cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS
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3 sensory nerves
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olfactory, optic, vestibulo-cochlear
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4 autonomic nerves
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oculomoto, facial, glassopharyngeal, vagus
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posterior root ganglia
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cell bodies sensory neurons, unipolar sensory
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posterior root
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incoming sensory info only
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anterior root
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outgoing info only
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spinal nervs
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have post and anter root, thus all spinal nerves are mixed nerves
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t2-t12
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travel in costal groove (groove under each rib)
-sensory from and motor to skin, skeletal muscles bones, and joints of thoracic wall, upper abdominal wall "intercostal nerves" |
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plexus
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network of nerves
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cervical plexus
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c1-c4
sensory from skin posterior head and neck. motor to few neck muscles diaphragm (phrenic nerve) -moves diaphragm for breathing phrenic nerve is essential for normal breathing |
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brachial plexus
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c4-c8
sensory from and motor to skin, skeletal muscles, bones, joints of arm and shoulder |
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lumbar plexus
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l1-l5
sensory from and motor to skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints of the anterior and medial thigh, medial calf, hip and knee joints, lower abdominal wall |
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sacral plexus
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s1-s4
sensory from and motor to skin, skeletal muscles, bones and joints buttocks, posterrior and lateral thigh, most of lower leg and foot, parts of external genitals (penis and clitoris) |
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coccygeal plexus
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s5 and coccygeal nerves
sensory from skin at tailbone and a little bit of skin at pelvic floor |