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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulations
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bones & cartilage joined together factors determine movement: -structure of joint (bone) -ligaments-movement can be restricted -muscle tension |
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Joint Classification (Movement)
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1. synarthroses - no movement 2. amphiarthroses - slight amount of movement 3. diarthroses- lots of movement |
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Joint Classification (Structure)
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1. fibrous- held together by ligaments 2. Cartilaginous- cartilage 3. synovial- joint cavity (more complex) |
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Fibrous
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1. sutures- joint on skull (saw tooth where they join) -soft spot on infants- fontanel -full fused as adult- synostosis 2. Syndesmosis- ligaments holding bones together |
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Cartilagenous
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1. Synchondroses- hyaline cartliage -between epiphysis & diaphysis -coastal cartilage 2. Symphyses- fibrocartilage -vertebral disc |
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Synovial Joints
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-in pairs 1. Flexion , extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion 2. adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation, elevation, depression, sypination, pronation |
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flexion
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decrease the angle between two parts (bent arm)
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extension
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increase the angle between two parts (straight arm)
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dorsiflexion
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feet, flexed foot |
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plantar flexion
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feet, pointed foot
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adduction
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moving toward midline
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abduction
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moving away from midline
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circumduction
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forming a cone/circle
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rotation
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movements around an axis
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elevation
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raised
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depression
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lower
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sypination
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outward rotation
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pronation
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inward rotation
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Synovial Joints Characteristics
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1. Articular cartilage- hyaline 2. Joint Capsule (2 parts) -fibrous capsule- dense irregular connective tissue -synovial membrane - secrete synovial fluid 3. some have fibrocartilage in the middle joints 4. bursa- fluid filled sacs- between bone & ligaments/bone & tendons/bone & skin -bursitis- inflammation due to injury or some sort 5. Tendon Sheath- wrapping around tendons -tendinitis-tennis elbow, inflammation of tendon sheath |
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Joints
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1. Nonaxial- plane joint, movement can occur in any direction, limited by ligaments 2. Uniaxial- movement in one plane -flexion & extension -hinge joint & pivot 3. Biaxial- movement in 2 planes -flexion & extension -adduction & abduction -circumduction -condyloid & saddle 4. Multiaxial- all movement -ball & socket |
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Hinge Joint
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movement between knee/elbow/phalanges
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Pivot
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rotation around an axis Ex: proximal joint between the radius and ulna |
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Condyloid
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between radius & carpals/metacarpals & phalanges
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Saddle
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between carpal & metacarpal on thumb
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Ball & Socket
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shoulder or hip
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Arthritis
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inflammation of the joints 3 types: -osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis |
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Osteorthritis
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wear & tear -articular cartilage will degenrate |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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small joints -inflammation of synovial membrane -autoimmune disease |
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Gouty Arthritis
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gout, uric acid crystals deposited in the joints -occurs in big toe first (becomes inflamed and very painful) |
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Muscle functions
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1. Motion- skeletal, smooth 2. Posture 3. Heat - convert energy from ATP to kinetic energy through contractions -blood supply |
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Functional Characteristics of Muscles
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1. Excitability- muscles are excited to contract, some stimulus helps 2. Contractibility- they contract (long to short) |
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Types of Muscles
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1. skeletal 2. smooth (visceral) 3. Cardiac |
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Skeletal Muscles
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Location- attached to bones Nervous Stimulation- voluntary, controlled by somatic nervous system Structure- long, multinucleated, striated |
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Cardiac Muscle
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Location- heart Nervous Stimulation- involuntary, controlled by autonomic nervous system Structure- mono or dinucleated, striated, cylinder like |
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Smooth Muscle
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Location- walls of hallow tubes Nervous Stimulation- involuntary, controlled by autonomic nervous system Structure- mononucleated, not striated, ends are tapered |
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Skeletal Muscle Gross Anatomy
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1. whole muscle 2. fascicle- groups of muscle cells 3. muscle fiber- contains many nuclei 4. epimysium 5. perimysium 6. endomysium |
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Epimysium
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membrane cover of whole muscle
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Perimysium
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membrane cover of fascicle
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Endomysium
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membrane cover of muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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plasma membrane of muscle fiber
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Sarcoplasm
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cytoplasm
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Sarcoplasmic Reticular
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Endoplasmic REticulat
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Muscle Fiber
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-myofibrils fill it, 10-100 per cell -striated (light & dark) -Dark- A band Light- I band |
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Level of complexity
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1. whole muscle 2. fascicle 3. muscle fiber 4. myofibrils 5. myofilaments i. think- myosin ii. thin- actin, tropomyosin, troponin |
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Sarcomere
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1 Z disc connected to another -basic unit of organization in skeletal muscle |
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Think Filament
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-made of a protein- myosin (rod like tail, head) -head is a cross bridge that binds thin filaments, change shape, ATPase activity: ATP converted to ADP, produces phosphate and energy -many together, arranged so tails bind together & heads at either end.. middle is a bare zone |
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Thin Filament
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-comprised of actin -consist of 2 strands of actin subunits twisted into a helix with 2 types of regulatory proteins |
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Regulatory Proteins
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1. tropomyosin- spiral around thin filament & block interaction of think & thin filaments in resting muscles 2. Troponin- 3 subunites -- TNI- bind to actin -- TNT- bind to tropomysin -- TNC- bind to calcium muscle contraction is regulated by calcium |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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smooth ER -store calcium -terminal cisterna.. region of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Transverse tublues
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continuous with the sarcolemma
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Triad
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T-tubule & terminal cisterna (2)
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