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442 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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temporal fossa boundaries
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anteriorly: frontal & zygomatic bones
posteriorly & superiorly: temporal lines laterally: zygomatic arch inferiorly: infratemporal crest |
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floor of the temporal fossa
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pterion
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what 4 bones form the pterion?
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frontal, parietal, temporal & greater wing of the sphenoid
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contents of the temporal fossa
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temporalis muscle & fascia, masseter muscle
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infratemporal fossa boundaries
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lateral wall: ramus of mandible
medial wall: lateral pterygoid plate superior boundary: infratemporal crest inferior boundary: angle of the mandible |
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contents of infratemporal fossa
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temporalis muscle
medial pterygoid muscle lateral pterygoid muscle maxillary artery pterygoid venous plexus mandibular division of CN V chorda tympani otic ganglion |
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what is the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery? The smaller branch?
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maxillary artery; superficial temporal
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which muscle divides the maxillary artery into 3 parts?
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lateral pterygoid
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what branches are from the first part of the maxillary artery?
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deep auricular
anterior tympanic middle meningeal inferior alveolar |
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what branches are from the second part of the maxillary artery?
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deep temporals (2)
masseteric pterygoid buccal |
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what branches are from the third part of the maxillary artery?
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posterior superior alveloar
infraorbital descending palatine sphenopalatine |
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an artery to tympanic membrane from the maxillary
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anterior tympanic
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artery to cranial meninges through foramen ovale
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accessory meningeal
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artery to mandibular teeth through mandibular foramen
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inferior alveolar
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venous plexus located in the infratemporal fossa
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pterygoid venous plexus
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small veins of the pterygoid venous plexus join together to give rise to what?
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maxillary veins
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the maxillary veins leave the infratemporal fossa and join the superficial temporal vein where? What do they form?
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in the parotid gland
form the retromandibular vein |
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where do the motor branches of CN V go? (which muscles)
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(muscles from the 1st pharyngeal arch!)
muscles of mastication mylohyoid anterior belly of digastric tensor tympani tensor veli palatini |
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supplies skin and mucous membrane of cheek and lateral surface of oral gingiva
what is this nerve a branch of? |
Buccal nerve (long buccal)
sensory branch of CN V |
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name the 2 parts of the skull
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neurocranium & viscerocranium
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name the bones of the neurocranium
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid |
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name the bones of the viscerocranium
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lacrimal
nasal maxilla zygomatic palatine inferior nasal concha mandible vomer |
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at what age do the frontal bones fuse?
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8
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name the parts of the frontal bone
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squamous & orbital
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reference point where frontal bone and nasal bones intersect
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nasion
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glabella
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smooth portion of the frontal bone superior to the nasion
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supraciliary arch
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sharp ridge of bone deep to the eybrows
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where is the lacrimal fossa located? What does it contain?
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superior wall of the orbit. Contains the lacrimal gland
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what bones form the superior wall of the orbit (roof)?
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orbital part of frontal bone & sphenoid (lesser wing)
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what bones from the medial wall of the orbit?
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ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal & sphenoid bones
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what bones form the floor of the orbit?
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maxilla, zygomatic, & palatine bones
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what bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?
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zygomatic & sphenoid bones
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inferior fleshy part of the ear consisting of fibrofatty tissue
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lobule
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outside rim of the external ear
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helix
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external ear - elevation anterior to the meatus
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tragus
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external auditory meatus extends from _______ to _______
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extends from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
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ceruminous glands
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glands located in the skin that lines the canal.
Produce waxy type material |
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what is the auditory canal made of
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lateral 1/3 - cartilaginous
medial 2/3 - bony |
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nerve supply to the external acoustic meatus
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auriculotemporal nerve & vagus nerve
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blood supply to the external auditory meatus
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deep auricular branch of maxillary artery
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veins of the external auditory meatus drain where?
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drain into external jugular and maxillary
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nerve supply to the tympanic membrane
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auriculotemporal nerve (external surface)
glossopharyngeal (internal surface) |
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blood supply to the tympanic membrane
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deep auricular branch of maxillary (external surface)
posterior auricular (internal surface) |
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where is the middle ear (tympanic cavity) located?
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the petrous portion of the temporal bone
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what forms the roof of the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?
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tegment tympani - a thin layer of temporal bone
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where is the floor of the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?
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lies above the carotid canal and the beginning of the internal jugular vein
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what forms the lateral wall of the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?
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the tympanic membrane
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what separates the tympanic cavity from the inner ear
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medial wall of the tympanic cavity
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3 structures contained in the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
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tympanic plexus
oval window round window |
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formed by the tympanic nerve (branch of CN IX)
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tympanic plexus
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covered by the footplate of the stapes
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oval window (fenestra vestibuli)
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inferior to oval window; usually enclosed by a membrane
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round window (fenestra cochlea)
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separates tympanic cavity from carotid canal and opening for the eustachian tube
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anterior wall of the tympanic membrane
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where is the eustachian (auditory) tube located?
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from nasopharynx to the middle ear
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what is the function of the eustachian tube?
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equalize the pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane
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the action of what muscles opens the eustachian tube?
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tensor villi palatini & salpingopharyngeal muscles
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what are the ossicles?
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malleus, incus, stapes
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what is the orgin of the malleus & incus?
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meckels's cartilage of the 1st arch
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what is the origin of the stapes?
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reichart cartilage of the 2nd arch
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what is the intermediate ossicle?
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incus; articulates w/ malleus & stapes
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this ossicle connects the middle ear to the inner ear
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stapes - foot plate fits in the oval window
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tensor tympani - attachment & innervation
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attaches to malleus
innervated by mandibular division of CN V (trigeminal) |
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stapedius - attachment & innervation
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attached to the neck of the stapes
innervated by CN VII |
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which 2 cranial nerves do not originate from the brainstem
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olfactory & optic
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which cranial nerve attaches to the dorsum of the brainstem
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CN IV
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where are the cell bodies of sensory fibers located
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in ganglia outside the brain
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where are the cell bodies of motor fibers located
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in nuclei within the brain
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CN 1 is sensory or motor?
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sensory
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where are cell bodies of the olfactory nerve located?
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in the olfactory mucosa of the nose
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what do the axons of the olfactory nerve pass through?
what do they synapse with? |
the cribriform plate
they synapse with 2ndary neurons in the olfactory bulb |
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where do the fibers of CN II (optic) arise?
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the retina (not the brain)
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what is the optic chiasma
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place where the right & left optic nerves meet
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what are optic tracts
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leave the chiasma to terminate in the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalmus
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What does CN II do
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nerve of sight
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where does CN III come from?
Where does it go? |
from ventral surface of brain
pierces dura to enter cavernous sinus enters orbit thru sup. orb. fissure |
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this nerve provides motor fibers to all the extraocular muscles (except 2)
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CN III
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CN that carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion & proprioception fibers to eyeball muscles
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CN III
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what causes drooping of the upper eye lid (ptosis)
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damage to CN III (oculomotor)
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which division of CN V contains motor fibers
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mandibular
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which nerves pass through the cavernous sinus
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occulomotor, trochlear maxillary & opthalmic of trigeminal, abducens
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subdivisions of the posterior triangle
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sublclavian & occipital
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which nerve crosses the occipital triangle
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spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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name the layers of the deep cervical fascia
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investing & prevertebral
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muscles that form the floor of the posterior triangle
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splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior middle anterior scalenes
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scalenes origins & insertion
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origin: T. process C4-C6
insertions: M&A 1st rib P 2nd rib |
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name the sensory branches of the cervical plexus
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lesser occipital (C2)
great auricular (C2,C3) transverse cervical (C2,C3) supraclavicular (C3,C4) |
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lesser occipital nerve supplies:
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skin of the scalp posterior to the auricle
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great auricular nerve supplies
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skin inferior to the auricle
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supraclavicular nerve supplies:
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skin over the clavicle & superior wall of the chest
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name the motor branches of the cervical plexus
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ansa cervicalis (C1,C2,C3)
Phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5) |
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what muscles do the branches of the ansa cervicalis supply
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strap muscles: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid
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what do C1 fibers of the cervical plexus supply
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contribute to superior ramus of ansa cervicalis; supply the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
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what is the spinal level of the phrenic nerve? supplies?
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3,4,5 - diaphragm
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the brachiocephalic vein is formed by what 2 veins
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subclavian & internal jugular vein
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arteries in the posterior triangle
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transverse cervical, suprascapular, occipital
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when does the pharyngeal apparatus begin developing
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week 4
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what are the components of the pharyngeal apparatus
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pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves, membranes
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what are arches separated by on the outside? on the inside?
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pharyngeal grooves
pharyngeal pouches |
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the first arch is known as what
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mandibular arch
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what 2 prominences develop from the mandibular arch
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maxillary prominence
mandibular prominence |
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what muscles develop from the 1st pharyngeal arch
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muscles of mastication,
mylohyoid, ant. belly of digastric, tensor tympani tensor veli palatini |
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what is the nerve supply of the first pharyngeal arch
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CN V
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what is the 2nd pharyngeal arch called
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hyoid arch
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what muscles develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch
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muscles of facial expression
stapedius stylohyoid posterior belly of digastric |
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what is the nerve supply of the second pharyngeal arch
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CN VII
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what is the level of origin of the cervical plexus?
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ventral rami of C2,C3,C4 nerves (with contribution from C1 & C5)
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what does the lesser occipital nerve supply?
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skin of the scalp posterior to the auricle
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what does the great auricular nerve supply?
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skin inferior to the auricle
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what does the transverse cervical nerve supply?
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skin over the anterior triangle
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what does the supraclavicular nerve supply?
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skin over the clavicle & superior wall of the chest
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what innervates the SCM & trapezius?
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spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
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name the veins in the posterior triangle
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External jugular
Subclavian |
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which parts of the brachial plexus are located in the posterior triangle?
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medial, lateral, & posterior trunks; between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
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what develops from the third arch?
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some of the hyoid bone
stylopharyngeus muscle CN IX - glossopharyngeal |
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Muscles and cartilage of the larynx develop from which arch?
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4th
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what is the nerve of the 4th arch?
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Vagus - CN X
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what are pharyngeal pouches?
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space between the arches on the inside surface of the pharyngeal wall
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what is the embryonic pharynx derived from?
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forgut
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the embryonic pharynx widens cranially to join __________ and narrows inferiorly to join __________
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stomodeum; esophagus
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what are some structures that the pouches will give rise to?
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parathyroid gland
thymus gland palatine tonsils tympanic cavity |
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what does the first pharyngeal membrane give rise to?
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tympanic membrane
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what comes from pharyngeal membranes 2-6?
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nothing! they disappear!!
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what does the first pharyngeal groove give rise to?
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external acoustic meatus
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what develops from pharyngeal grooves 2-4?
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nothing! they disappear!!
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what is another name for the submandibular triangle?
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digastric triangle
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name the triangles within the anterior triangle
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submandibular (digastric)
submental carotid muscular |
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name the borders of the anterior triangle
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anterior midline of neck
mandible (inferior border) SCM (anterior border) |
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what forms the base & apex of the anterior triangle?
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base: inferior border of mandible
apex: jugular notch |
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what forms the roof of the anterior triangle? (hint:SPS)
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Superficial fascia
Platysma Skin |
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what are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
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superiorly: mandible
laterally: posterior belly of digastric medially: anterior belly of digastric |
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the mylohyoid & hypoglossal muscles form the floor of what triangle?
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submandibular triangle
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list the contents of the submandibular triangle
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submandibular gland, ganglion(parasympathetic), & lymph nodes
Hypoglossal nerve (CN IX) Facial a & v |
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what is the 2nd largest salivary gland?
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submandibular
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name the borders of the submental triangle (inferior, lateral & floor)
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inferior: hyoid bone
lateral: anterior belly of digastric floor: mylohyoid |
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where do the anterior jugular veins begin?
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in the submental triangle
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name the boundaries of the carotid triangle (anterior, superior, lateral)
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anterior: superior belly of omohyoid
superior: posterior belly of digastric lateral: SCM |
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name the contents of the carotid triangle
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carotid sheath: common carotid artery, vagus nerve, internal jugular vein
external carotid artery internal carotid artery (remains in the sheath) |
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name the boundaries of the muscular triangle (lateral, anterior, inferior)
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lateral: superior belly of omohyoid
anterior: anterior midline of neck inferior: SCM |
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the thyroid, parathyroid & infrahyoid muscles (strap) are contained in which triangle?
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muscular triangle
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what is the right common carotid artery a branch of?
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the brachiocephalic trunk
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what is the left common carotid artery a branch of?
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the aorta
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where do you check for a carotid pulse? (level)
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thyroid cartilage level
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what would happen if the carotid artery is blocked?
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lack of blood flow to the brain -> stroke
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which artery enters the skull through the carotid canal?
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internal carotid artery
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which artery terminates in the parotid gland? what does it become?
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external carotid artery; superficial temporal & maxillary
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name the branches of the external carotid artery
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Superior Thyroid
Ascending Pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior Auricular |
Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS
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what divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts?
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anterior scalene muscle
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name the branches of the 1st part of the subclavian
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Vertebral
Internal Thoracic Thyrocervical Trunk (transverse cervical, suprascapular, inferior thyroid) |
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name the branch of the 2nd part of the subclavian
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costocervical trunk
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name the branch of the 3rd part of the subclavian
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dorsal scapular
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where does the internal jugular vein begin? what is it called?
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jugular foramen as jugular bulb
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where does the anterior jugular vein begin? where does it drain?
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submental triangle; external jugular vein
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what do the internal jugular vein & subclavian vein form?
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brachiocephalic vein
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name the longest cranial nerve
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vagus CN X
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where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
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jugular foramen
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name the branches of the vagus nerve
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recurrent laryngeal
pharyngeal plexus contribution cardiac superior laryngeal |
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name the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
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superior cervical ganglion
middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion |
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what is the stellate ganglion?
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inferior cervical ganglion fused with first thoracic ganglion
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what separates the foregut from the amniotic cavity
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oropharyngeal membrane
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when does the oropharyngeal membrane rupture?
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4th week
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when do nasal placodes appear?
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end of 4th week
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how is the maxillary prominence produced?
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migration of neural crest cells from the neural fold
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what type of cells produce the mandibular prominence
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neural crest cells
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which nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the face?
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CN V
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provides sensory to the forehead
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opthalmic division of CN V
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branches of the opthalmic division of CN V
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Supraorbital
Supratrochlear Infratrochlear |
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sensory to lateral forehead and upper eyelid
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supraorbital
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sensory to medial forehead & upper eyelid
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supratrochlear
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sensory to bridge of nose
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infratrochlear
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provides sensory to the skin between the lower eyelid & the upper lip & skin over zygomatic bone
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maxillary division of CN V - zygomatic nerve
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provides sensory to skin over the mandible
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mandibular division of CN V
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branches of the mandibular division of CN V
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motor branches to muscles of mastication
long buccal auriculotemporal lingual inferior alveolar |
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provides sensory to skin over the chin
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mental nerve
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provides sensory to skin and mucus membrane of the cheek
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long buccal
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posterior belly of digastric & stylohyoid are both innervated by what nerve?
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CN VII - facial nerve
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where should the facial artery be compressed?
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on the mandible
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why doesn't the facial artery stop bleeding when it is compressed on one side?
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b/c it anastamoses with the artery on the other side
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when do the salivary glands begin development? end?
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begin: 6th week
end: 18th week |
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what is the connective tissue of the glands derived from? salivary portion?
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neural crest cells; oral ectoderm
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what is the largest paired salivary gland?
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parotid gland
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name the investing layer of deep cervical fascia around the parotid gland
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parotid sheath
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describe the course of the parotid duct
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crosses over top of masseter then pierces buccinator
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what can happen if the facial nerve is injured
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parotidectomy
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most superficial structure in the parotid gland
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facial nerve
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the superficial temporal & maxillary veins fuse to form what?
|
retromandibular vein
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what forms the external jugular vein
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the posterior auricular v & posterior retromandibular v
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name the structures within the parotid gland
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facial nerve
retromandibular vein external carotid artery |
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what does the maxillary artery enter as it leaves the parotid gland?
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the infratemporal fossa
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sympathetic nerve supply to the parotid gland
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postganglionic fibers from superior cervical ganglion travel on the external carotid artery to the parotid gland
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parasympatheic nerve supply to the parotid gland
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preganglionic fibers are brought to the otic ganglion by CN IX, tympanic nerve & lesser petrosal nerve
postganglions fibers go from the otic ganglion to the gland with the auriculotemporal nerve |
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what does stimulation of the parotid gland by the sympathetic system do?
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gland produces thick saliva
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what does stimulation of the parotid gland by the parasympathetic system do?
|
gland produces watery saliva
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what happens to people w/ mumps?
|
acute, communicable viral infection of salivary gland (mainly parotid).
Gland swells causing severe pain b/c it is restricted by sheath |
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masseter muscle
origin/insertion |
origin: zygomatic arch & zygomatic bone
insertion: ramus & angle of mandible |
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an irregular space located posterior to the maxilla and deep to the ramus of the mandible
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infratemporal fossa
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artery to tympanic membrane
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anterior tympanic (of maxillary)
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artery to the cranial meninges through foramen spinosum
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middle meningeal (of maxillary)
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artery to cranial meninges through foramen ovale
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accessory meningeal (of maxillary)
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artery to mandibular teeth through mandibular foramen
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inferior alveolar
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arteries to masseter
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masseteric branches of maxillary
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artery to the temporalis m.
|
deep temporal branches (anterior & posterior)
|
|
|
|
artery to the medial & lateral ptergoids
|
pterygoid branches of maxillary
|
|
|
|
artery to the muscles of cheek
|
buccal branches of maxillary
|
|
|
|
what do the branches of the 2nd part of the maxillary artery mostly supply?
|
muscles of mastication
|
|
|
|
what do veins of the pterygoid plexus make connections with laterally & medially?
|
laterally: facial v
medially: cavernous sinus |
|
|
|
mandibular nerve is motor/sensory/both?
|
both
|
|
|
|
sensory to TMJ
|
auriculotemporal nerve
|
|
|
|
nerve that encircles the middle meningeal artery
|
auriculotemporal nerve
|
|
|
|
which nerve is commonly numbed by dentists?
|
inferior alveolar nerve
|
|
|
|
name the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve
|
mylohyoid nerve
mental nerve incisive nerve |
|
|
|
nerve supply to the anterior belly of digastric & mylohyoid
|
mylohyoid nerve
|
|
|
|
nerve supply to skin of chin
|
mental nerve
|
|
|
|
nerve supply to the canine and incisor teeth
|
incisive nerve
|
|
|
|
sensory to the tongue (anterior 2/3), floor of mouth, & gingiva
|
lingual nerve
|
|
|
|
branch of CN VII that joins the lingual nerve
|
chorda tympani
|
|
|
|
taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue
|
chorda tympani
|
|
|
|
this nerve conveys preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion
|
chorda tympani
|
|
|
|
what type of ganglion (parasympathetic/sympathetic) is the otic ganglion
|
parasympathetic
|
|
|
|
where is the otic ganglion located
|
infratemporal fossa
|
|
|
|
what type of joint is the temporaomandibular joint (TMJ)
|
modified hinge joint
between mandibular fossa/articular emminence of temporal bone & condyle of mandible |
|
|
|
upper joint cavity of TMJ is what type of joint?
|
gliding joint
between articular emminence of temporal, mandibular fossa & articular disc |
|
|
|
articular disc of TMJ
|
fibrous tissue that separates the upper & lower joints
|
|
|
|
what type of joint is the lower joint of TMJ?
|
hinge joint
between articular disc and condyle of mandible |
|
|
|
name the ligaments of the TMJ
|
stylomandibular
sphenomandibular lateral ligament |
|
|
|
stylomandibular ligament of TMJ
|
band of deep cervical fascia from styloid process to angle of mandible
|
|
|
|
sphenomandibular ligament of TMJ
|
membranous band from spine of sphenoid to lingula of mandible
|
|
|
|
lateral ligament of TMJ
what is its job? |
attached to capsule and articular disc.
checks mediolateral movements of TMJ |
|
|
|
opening of the mouth involves what muscles? (depression of mandible)
|
supra/infrahyoids (strap muscles)
|
|
|
|
what muscles elevate the mandible? (close the mouth)
|
temporalis & masseter (some medial pterygoid)
|
|
|
|
what muscles allow protraction (protrusion) of the mandible?
|
lateral pterygoids, masseter, medial pterygoid
|
|
|
|
what muscles allow retraction of the mandible?
|
posterior (horizontal) fibers of temporalis & masseter
|
|
|
|
what muscles allow lateral movement of the mandible
|
temporalis & masseter of same side
masseter, lateral/medial pterygoids of opposite side |
|
|
|
name the muscles of mastication & their nerves
|
temporalis - deep temporal n
masseter - masseteric n lateral pterygoid - nerve to lateral pterygoid medial pterygoid - nerve to medial pterygoid |
|
|
|
what are some causes of TMJ dislocation?
what nerve could be damaged? |
yawning
large bite blow to the chin w/open mouth auriculotemporal nerve |
|
|
|
where is the mandibular condyle when teeth are clenched?
|
in the mandibular fossa
|
|
|
|
where is the mandibular condyle when the jaw is in normal resting position?
|
against the articular eminence
|
|
|
|
where is the mandibular condyle when the mouth is wide open?
|
below the articular eminence
|
|
|
|
what bone forms the roof of the orbit?
|
the orbital plate of the frontal bone
|
|
|
|
what are the four parts of the temporal bone?
|
squamous, petromastoid, tympanic, styloid process
|
|
|
|
what does the neurocranium protect?
|
the brain, brainstem
|
|
|
|
list the 3 cranial fossae
|
anterior, middle, posterior cranial fossa
|
|
|
|
what bones form the anterior cranial fossa?
|
frontal
ethmoid body & wings of lesser sphenoid |
|
|
|
what bones form the middle cranial fossa?
|
greater wings of sphenoid
squamous & petrous portions of temporal |
|
|
|
what bones form the posterior cranial fossa?
|
occipital
sphenoid petrous & mastoid parts of temporal |
|
|
|
what does the anterior fossa of the skull contain?
|
frontal lobes of cerebrum
|
|
|
|
what does the middle fossa of the skull contain?
|
temporal lobes of cerebrum
|
|
|
|
what does the posterior fossa of the skull contain?
|
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
|
|
|
|
what comes through the superior orbital fissure
|
opthalmic division of CN V
CN III - oculomotor CN IV - trochlear CN VI - abducens |
|
|
|
what goes throught the inferior orbital fissure
|
infraorbital nerve of maxillary division
infraorbital vessels |
|
|
|
what travels through the greater palatine foramen
|
greater palatine n.
descending palatine vessels |
|
|
|
what travels through the lesser palatine foramen
|
lesser palatine n.
|
|
|
|
what travels through the incisive foramen
|
nasopalatine n.
terminal branch of descending septal artery |
|
|
|
what travels through the stylomastoid foramen
|
facial n.
stylomastoid artery |
|
|
|
what travels through the supraorbital notch
|
supraorbital nerve
supraorbital vessels |
|
|
|
what exits the skull through the infraorbital foramen
|
infraorbital nerve
infraorbital vessels |
|
|
|
what exits the skull through the mental foramen
|
mental artery
mental nerve |
|
|
|
what travels through the foramen cecum
|
nasal emissary vein
|
|
|
|
what travels through the foramina of the cribriform plate
|
axons of the olfactory neurons
|
|
|
|
what travels through the optic canal
|
optic nerve
opthalmic artery |
|
|
|
what travels through foramen rotundum
|
maxillary division of CN V
|
|
|
|
what travels through foramen ovale
|
mandibular division of CN V
accessory meningeal artery |
|
|
|
what travels through foramen spinosum
|
middle meningeal artery & vein
|
|
|
|
what travels through the jugular foramen
|
CN IX, X, XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory)
internal jugular vein |
|
|
|
what travels through foramen magnum
|
medulla oblongata
vertebral artery CN XI Anterior/Posterior spinal arteries |
|
|
|
what travels through the hypoglossal canal
|
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve
|
|
|
|
what travels through the condylar canal
|
emissary veins
|
|
|
|
what travels through the mastoid foramen
|
meningeal branch of occipital artery
emissary vein from sigmoid sinus |
|
|
|
what travels through the internal acoustic meatus
|
CN VII - facial n
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear n |
|
|
|
what does the skull develop from?
|
mesenchyme derived from mesoderm & neural crest cells
|
|
|
|
what is endochondral ossification
|
the process the replaces the cartilaginous base of the skull with bone
|
|
|
|
what is the order of ossification of the skull base
|
1. occipital bone
2. sphenoid 3. ethmoid |
|
|
|
where does parachordal cartilage of the skull develop
|
around the cranial end of the notochord
|
|
|
|
what develops via intramembraneous ossification (direct bone formation)
|
calvaria
|
|
|
|
mesenchyme of the membranous neurocranium results in formation of what bones
|
parietal & frontal
|
|
|
|
what is the precursor of the cartilaginous viscerocranium
|
pharyngeal arches
|
|
|
|
what are the malleus & incus cartilage derived from?
|
the first pharyngeal arch
|
|
|
|
what is the cartilage of the stapes & styloid process derived from?
|
the 2nd pharyngeal arch
|
|
|
|
the chin and the mandibular condyle are formed by what type of ossification
|
endochondral ossification
|
|
|
|
what forms the squamous part of the temporal, maxillary & zygomatic bones
|
maxillary prominence ossification via intramembranous ossification
|
|
|
|
name some features of a new born skull
|
bones are thin
skull is large to rest of body |
|
|
|
what are fontanelles
|
fibrous sutures that permit growth of the calvaria
|
|
|
|
how many fontanelles exist? name them
|
6 total
anterior, posterior, sphenoidal (2), mastoid (2) |
|
|
|
maxillary & mandibular growth coincides with what?
|
eruption of primary & secondary teeth
|
|
|
|
what is failure of the skull to develop called
|
acrania
|
|
|
|
what do you call premature closure of sutures?
|
craniosynostosis
|
|
|
|
what do you call premature closure of the saggital suture?
|
scaphocephaly
|
|
|
|
what is premature closure of the coronal suture
|
oxycephaly
|
|
|
|
what is premature closure of coronal & lambdoid sutures on one side of the skull
|
plagiocephaly
|
|
|
|
what is microcephaly
|
an abnormally small cranium
|
|
|
|
meroacrania
|
Absence of the cranium with the exception of the occipital bone
|
|
|
|
What causes:
asymmetrical distortion (flattening of one side) of the skull. A common finding at birth and may be the result of a restrictive intrauterine environment. |
plagiocephaly
|
|
|
|
what deformity of the skull results in a long narrow head
|
scaphocephaly
|
|
|
|
what craniosyntosis is the most severe?
|
oxycephaly
|
|
|
|
what is trigonocephaly
|
premature closure of the metopic suture resulting in a triangular forehead & close set eyes
|
|
|
|
what forms the pterion?
|
frontal, parietal, squamosal of temporal & greater wing of sphenoid
|
|
|
|
what could happen if someone was hit in the pterion
|
possible death due to middle meningeal artery bursting
|
|
|
|
this is a pyramidal shaped cavity in the skull
|
the orbit
|
|
|
|
what lines the bones of the orbit? what is it made of?
|
periorbita; periosteum
|
|
|
|
what bones make up the orbit
|
palatine
zygomatic maxillary lacrimal ethmoid frontal sphenoid |
|
|
|
what does the medial wall of the orbit contain?
|
the lacrimal sac & nasolacrimal duct
|
|
|
|
where is the apex of the orbital located? what bone makes it
|
located at the optic canal;
made by the lesser wing of the sphenoid |
|
|
|
what is a blowout orbital fracture?
|
from indirect traumatic injury;
the medial & inferior walls of the orbit are fractured cause contents to be displaced and to stick out from the orbit |
|
|
|
what is exophthalmos
|
protrusion of the eyeball from orbital tumors
|
|
|
|
what is the result of tumors in the sinuses along the medial wall of the orbit
|
the tumor can press against the optic nerve -> impaired vision
|
|
|
|
what covers the internal aspect of the eyelid
|
conjunctiva
|
|
|
|
connective tissue plates that form the skeleton of the eye lids
|
tarsal plates
|
|
|
|
what are tarsal glands?
What do they do? |
glands embedded in the tarsal plates of the eyelid
secrete lipid material to stop eyelids from sticking together |
|
|
|
large sebaceous glands of the eyelids
|
ciliary glands
|
|
|
|
what is the action of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
|
blinking; shutting eyelids
|
|
|
|
levator palpebrae superioris
action/innervation |
action: raises the eyelid
innervation: CN III |
|
|
|
what is the lacrimal apparatus responsible for?
|
producing tears to keep mucus membrain moist & to remove particulate matter
|
|
|
|
superior conjunctival fornix
|
opening of the lacrimal gland ducts
|
|
|
|
parasympathetic nerves of CN VII stimulate this gland
|
lacrimal gland
|
|
|
|
what is the lacrimal lake
|
collecting area of tear on the medial side of the eye
|
|
|
|
what are lacrimal canaliculi?
How many are there |
ducts leading to the lacrimal sac.
2 per eye - 1 per eyelid |
|
|
|
what is the opening of the lacrimal canaliculi called?
|
lacrimal papilla
|
|
|
|
what is the lacrimal sac?
|
the dialiated upper end of the nasolacrimal duct
|
|
|
|
this duct extends inferiorly into the nose & opens at the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
|
nasolacrimal duct
|
|
|
|
what is the origin & insertion of the recti eye muscles?
|
origin: common tendinous ring
insertion: sclera of the eyeball |
|
|
|
superior rectus
action/innervation |
action: rotate eye superiorly & medially
innervation: CN III |
|
|
|
medial rectus
action/innervation |
action: rotate eye medially
innervation: CN III |
|
|
|
lateral rectus
action/innervation |
action: rotate eye laterally
innervation: CN VI |
|
|
|
inferior rectus
action/innervation |
action: rotate eye inferiorly & medially
innervation: CN III |
|
|
|
superior oblique
action/innervation |
action: abducts eye/ down & out
innervation: CN IV |
|
|
|
inferior oblique
action/innervation |
action: abducts eye: up & out
innervation: CN III |
|
|
|
Name the 3 branches of the opthalmic division of CN V
|
nasociliary, frontal , lacrimal
|
|
|
|
what does the opthalmic divsion of CN V provide sensory to?
|
anterior orbit, face & scalp
|
|
|
|
name the branches of the frontal nerve
|
supraorbital & supratrochlear
|
|
|
|
name the branches of the nasociliary nerve
|
long ciliary
short ciliary posterior ethmoidal anterior ethmoidal infratrochlear |
|
|
|
what is difference between long & short ciliary nerves?
|
long ciliary pass to the eyeball w/o entering the ciliary ganglion
short ciliary pass through the ciliary ganglion, pick up postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then go onto the eyeball |
|
|
|
Name the motor nerves of the orbit
|
oculomotor (CN III)
trochlear (CN IV) Abducens (CN VI) |
|
|
|
explain the path of parasympathetic fibers to the eyeball
|
preganglionic goes to the ciliary ganglion via CN III
postganglionic leave the ciliary ganglion via short ciliary nerves |
|
|
|
explain the path of sympathetic fibers to the eyeball
|
postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion enter the orbit with the wall of blood vessels
|
|
|
|
name the branches of the opthalmic artery
|
supraorbital
anterior/posterior ethmoidal -> supratrochlear lacrimal posterior ciliary arteries |
|
|
|
what are the veins of the orbit?
what do they drain into? |
superior/inferior opthalmic veins
drain into facial vein & cavernous sinus in the skull |
|
|
|
what does the tympanic membrane separate?
|
the external ear from the middle ear
|
|
|
|
what is the umbo
|
a central depression of the tympanic membrane that attaches to the handle of the malleus
|
|
|
|
what is the cone of light
|
a small area of the tympanic membrane anterioinferior from the umbo that shines brightly on exmaination
|
|
|
|
this area of the tympanic membrane is devoid of connective tissue making it more transparent
|
pars flaccida
|
|
|
|
what is the shape of the tympanic cavity (middle ear)?
|
a biconcave lense
|
|
|
|
what are the contents of the tympanic cavity
|
opening to eustachian tube
ossicles stapedius & tensor tympani chorda tympani & tympanic plexus |
|
|
|
what muscle attaches to the handle of the malleus?
|
tensor tympani
|
|
|
|
what is the purpose of the ossicles
|
to conduct vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
|
|
|
|
where in the skull is the inner ear located
|
petrous portion of the temporal bone (seen through the orbit on X-ray)
|
|
|
|
name the 2 parts of the inner ear
|
vestibular & auditory
|
|
|
|
name the 2 labyrinths of the inner ear
|
bony & membranous
|
|
|
|
where is perilymph?
where is endolymph? |
perilymph: bony labyrinth of inner ear
endolymph: membranous labyrinth |
|
|
|
name the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth
|
vestibule
cochlea semicircular canals |
|
|
|
the oval window opens to this portion of the bony labyrinth
|
vestibule
|
|
|
|
what is located in the center of the cochlea?
|
modiolus - central pillar
|
|
|
|
what do the semicircular canals communicate with
|
the posterior part of the vestibule
|
|
|
|
where is the membranous labyrinth located
|
inside the bony labyrinth in the inner ear
|
|
|
|
cochlear duct, 3 semicircular ducts & 2 small sacs (utricle & saccule) are part of what?
|
the membranous labyrinth
|
|
|
|
which cranial nerve has the longest intracranial course?
|
trochlear (CN IV)
|
|
|
|
where does the trochlear nerve begin?
|
the dorsum of the brain stem
|
|
|
|
what would happen if a patient's trochlear nerve was damaged?
|
double vision & patient looks down & out due to loss of control of superior oblique m.
|
|
|
|
what is the semilunar ganglion
|
the portion of CN V before it splits into 3 divisions
|
|
|
|
greater & lesser palatine are branches of what nerve?
|
CN V - from the maxillary division
|
|
|
|
what do the greater & lesser palatine nerves do?
|
sensory to the hard/soft palate
|
|
|
|
how does the lacrimal gland receive sympathetic innervation?
|
postganglionic fibers leave the superior cervical ganglion and travel up the greater petrosal nerve to the pterygopalatine ganglion
postganglionic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion and travel on the maxillary nerve to the gland |
|
|
|
how does the lacrimal gland receive parasympathetic stimulation?
|
preganglionic fibers follow CN VII to the pterygopalatine ganglion
postganglionic fibers leave the pterygopalatine ganglion and travel on the maxillary nerve to the lacrimal gland |
|
|
|
the nasal nerve is a major branch of what nerve?
|
maxillary
|
|
|
|
what nerves branch off the nasal nerve?
what do they supply? |
sphenopalatine & nasopalatine
supply the mucosa of the nose |
|
|
|
name the major branches of the maxillary division of CN V
|
infraorbital
nasal palatine zygomatic |
|
|
|
what does the long buccal innervate?
|
sensory to buccal mucosa & gingiva
|
|
|
|
where does the abducens nerve leave the brain?
|
at the lower border of the pons
|
|
|
|
what happens if CN VI is damaged?
|
cannot move eye laterally beyond midpoint
|
|
|
|
name the types of fibers of CN VII
|
motor
parasympathetic to sublingual, submandibular, lacrimal glands taste to anterior 2/3 tongue |
|
|
|
where does CN VIII come from on the brain?
|
leaves the brainstem
|
|
|
|
describe the 2 division of CN VIII
|
cochlear division: nerve of hearing
vestibule division: nerve of equilibrium |
|
|
|
what part of the brain do CN IX, X, XI, XII nerve come from?
|
lateral side of medulla
|
|
|
|
what does CN IX do?
|
motor to stylopharyngeus m. & forms part of pharyngeal plexus
|
|
|
|
name the branches of CN X
|
pharyngeal plexus
superior laryngeal & recurrent laryngeal cardiac branches carotid sinus |
|
|
|
how do the nerves (spinal & cranial) CN XI meet? separate
|
spinal nerves from C1-C5 enter forament magnum & join crainial part
the spinal part separates after exiting skull |
|
|
|
what does CN XII do?
|
supples motor branches to the intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue
|
|
|
|
what happens if CN XII is damaged
|
the tongue becomes paralyzed & can shift posteriorly suffocating a person
|
|
|
|
which nerves travel through the cavernous sinus?
|
trochlear, abducens, maxillary, opthalmic, oculomotor
|
|
|
|
what is the oral vestibule?
|
space between cheeks & teeth
|
|
|
|
pterygomandibular raphe is a junction of what?
|
junction between buccinator & superior constrictor muscles
|
|
|
|
what is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
what's in it |
narrowing area between oral cavity & pharynx
palatopharyngeal arch, palatoglossal archl, palatine tonsils |
|
|
|
name the muscles that make up the soft palate
|
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini palatoglossus palatopharyngeus uvula |
|
|
|
what is the sulcus terminalis?
|
a v-shaped groove that marks the separation between the anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 of the tongue
|
|
|
|
small hair-like structures that cover the entire surface of the tongue
|
filiform papillae
|
|
|
|
mushroom-like structures scattered among the filiform papillae
|
fungiform papillae
|
|
|
|
where is foliate papillae located?
|
along the lateral side of the tongue
|
|
|
|
what are the largest papillae of the tongue
|
vallate (circumvallate) papillae
|
|
|
|
which tonsil is the largest?
|
lingual
|
|
|
|
what is the motor innervation of the tongue (genioglossus m.)?
what else does this nerve innervate? |
CN XII - hypoglossal n.
the rest of the extrinsic & intrinsic tongue muscles (except palatoglossus - pharyngeal plexus) |
|
|
|
what artery supplies the tongue?
|
lingual artery from the external carotid artery
|
|
|
|
what bones form the roof of the nose
|
cribriform plate (ethmoid bone)
nasal bones maxilla & frontal bones nasal cartilage |
|
|
|
what makes up the nasal septum
|
vomer
perpendicular plate of ethmoid septal cartilage |
|
|
|
the floor of the nose is also what structure?
|
the roof of the oral cavity - hard palate
|
|
|
|
which concha is not part of the ethmoid bone?
|
inferior concha - part of vomer
|
|
|
|
which arteries bring blood supply to the nose
|
anterior/posterior ethmoid - opthalmic artery
sphenopalatine & greater palatine - maxillary artery superior labial artery - facial a. |
|
|
|
these nerves from the hard & soft palates also supply the nose
|
greater/lesser palatine
nasopalatine - also to septum pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
|
what do the paranasal sinuses do in relation to sound?
|
serve as resonating chambers for sound quality
|
|
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these sinuses are absent in new borns and develop after birth
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paranasal sinuses
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name the paranasal sinuses
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frontal (2)
maxillary sinus (2) sphenoid sinus (2) ethmoidal air cells |
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where does the frontal sinus drain?
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through the middle meatus into the nasal cavity
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where is the opening of the maxillary sinus
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at the hiatus semiluminaris of middle meatus
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where is the opening of the sphenoid sinus
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sphenoethmoidal recess
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where do posterior, middle & anterior ethmoidal air cells open into?
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posterior: superior meatus
anterior & middle: middle meatus |
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what is the continuation of the digestive tube below the oral & nasal cavities
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pharynx
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the inferior opening of the pharynx is located at what spinal level?
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C6
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name the 3 parts of the pharynx
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oropharynx, nasalpharynx, laryngopharynx
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what are the 5 layers of the pharyngeal wall (middle to exterior)
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mucus membrane
submucosa pharyngobasilar fascia pharyngeal muscles buccopharyngeal fascia |
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where is the retropharyngeal space located?
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between buccopharyngeal fascia & prevertebral fascia of deep cervical fascia
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where is the pharyngeal plexus located
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in the buccopharyngeal fascia
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the posterior midline where the pharyngeal muscles meet
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pharyngeal raphe
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this constrictor muscle takes it origin from the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, & mandible
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superior constrictor
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this pharyngeal muscle is innervated by CN IX
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stylopharyngeus
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where do the middle and inferior constrictors take their origin?
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middle: hyoid bone
inferior: thyroid cartilage |
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if these tonsils get enlarge they restrict the amount of air passing thru the nose
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pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx
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name the motor & sensory supply to the pharyngeal plexus
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sensory: IX, X
motor: XI, X XI also gets some sympathetic fibers |
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sensory innervation to the pharynx is provided by what nerve?
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CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
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what cartilages make up the larynx
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thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
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what type of joints exist in the larynx
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synovial
cricothyroid & cricoarytenoid |
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this joint is for rotation & gliding; between inferior horn of thyroid cartilage & cricoid cartilage
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cricothyroid joint
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this joint of the pharynx allows sliding, tilting, and rotary
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cricoarytenoid
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what attaches the epiglottic cartilage to the thyroid cartilage?
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thyroepiglottic ligament
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extrinsic ligament of the larynx connecting the hyoid bone & thyroid cartilage
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thyrohyoid membrane
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what is an emergency cricothyrotomy
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opening an airway by cutting the median cricothyroid ligament
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this ligament for the larynx connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
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cricothyroid ligament
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what does the cricotracheal ligament connect?
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connects the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring
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what is the vocal ligament? what are its connections?
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the true vocal cord - elastic ligament
connects laminae of thyroid cartilage to the vocal processes of the arytenoids |
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conus elasticus - what is it; what are its components
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elastic membrane extending from cricoid cartilage to vocal ligament
components: median cricothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, cricothyroid ligament |
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what is the vestibular ligament?
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false vocal cords - free ends of the quadrangular membrane
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this cavity lies superior to the vestibular folds
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vestibule of larynx
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this cavity lies on the lateral walls between the vestibular & vocal folds
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ventricle of the larynx
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where is the infraglottic cavity?
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cavity below the vocal folds
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what is the rima glottidis?
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opening between the vocal folds
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what is the rima vestibuli?
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opening between the vetibular folds
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this keeps the larynx closed during swallowing
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rima vestibuli
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name the extrinsic muscles of the larynx
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infrahyoid muscles - depressors of larynx
suprahyoid muscles - levators of larynx |
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what do intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?
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close the laryngeal inlet
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name the adductors of the vocal cords
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lateral cricoarytenoids
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these muscles abduct the vocal cords
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posterior cricoarytenoids
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what is the action of the cricothyroid
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tense the vocal cords
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what is the action of the thyroarytenoid
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relax the vocal cords
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blood supply to the larynx
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superior & inferior laryngeal arteries which branch from the superior & inferior thyroid arteries
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motor innervation of the larynx
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recurrent laryngeal nerve to all extrinsic muscles except cricothyroid (external laryngeal nerve)
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sensory innervation of the larynx
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superior to vocal folds: internal laryngeal nerve
inferior to vocal folds: recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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