Study Cards For Test Number 2

Front 1

Name the functions of the skeletal system.

Back 1

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.

Front 2

A strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone except at joint surfaces is the

Back 2

periosteum

Front 3

Small needle like pieces of bone with lots of open space.

Back 3

Spongy Bone

Front 4

Dense bone that looks smooth and homogenous.

Back 4

Compact

Front 5

Name the types of bone.

Back 5

Long, flat, short, and irregular.

Front 6

The main shaftlike portion of a long bone is the

Back 6

Diaphysis

Front 7

An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is

Back 7

osteoporosis

Front 8

Cartilage cells are called

Back 8

chondrocytes

Front 9

Bone-forming cells are called

Back 9

osteoblasts

Front 10

Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models in a process called

Back 10

endochondral ossification

Front 11

The human skeleton system consists of two divisions. They are the

Back 11

axial and appendicular

Front 12

The three types of muscle tissue are

Back 12

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.

Front 13

That point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the

Back 13

origin

Front 14

The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the

Back 14

sarcomere

Front 15

The functions of muscles include

Back 15

posture, heat production, and movement

Front 16

What term is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a particular movement?

Back 16

prime mover

Front 17

If a muscle is stimulated repeatedly without adequate rest, the strength of the contraction decreases, resulting in

Back 17

fatigue

Front 18

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the

Back 18

threshold stimulus

Front 19

Name four types of muscle contractions

Back 19

twitch, tetanic, isotonic, and isometric

Front 20

A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called a(n)

Back 20

isometric contraction

Front 21

Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size called

Back 21

hypertrophy

Front 22

Hypertrophy can be enhanced by

Back 22

strength training

Front 23

The organs of the nervous system include

Back 23

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 24

The nervous system is divided into which two principal divisions?

Back 24

Peripheral and central

Front 25

The part of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body is the

Back 25

axon

Front 26

Cells that conduct the impulses are called

Back 26

neurons

Front 27

The white, fatty substance that surrounds an axon is called

Back 27

myelin

Front 28

This type of glia cell can act as a microbe-eating scavenger

Back 28

microglia

Front 29

Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the

Back 29

white matter of the nervous system

Front 30

These chemicals allow neurons to communicate with each other.

Back 30

neurotransmitters

Front 31

The innermost layer of the meninges is the

Back 31

pia mater

Front 32

The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the

Back 32

medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons.

Front 33

The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the

Back 33

cerebellum

Front 34

Nerves that originate from the brain are called

Back 34

cranial nerves

Front 35

How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

Back 35

31

Front 36

Which glia cell produces the myelin that envelopes the nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord?

Back 36

Oligodendroglia

Front 37

The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the

Back 37

ventricles

Front 38

A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions is the

Back 38

autonomic nervous system

Front 39

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into the

Back 39

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

Front 40

The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the blood vessels in skeletal muscles is

Back 40

dialation

Front 41

Hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone is the

Back 41

Medullary cavity

Front 42

The ends of bones

Back 42

epiphyses

Front 43

The thin layer (small rubber cushion) that covers each epiphyses

Back 43

articular cartilage

Front 44

The membrane that covers a long bone except at the joint surface

Back 44

periosteum

Front 45

The thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Back 45

endosteum

Front 46

Name the sections of the axial skeleton

Back 46

skull, spine, chest, and hyoid bone

Front 47

Name the sections of the upper appendicular skeleton

Back 47

shoulder, pectoral girdle, arms, wrists, and hands

Front 48

Name the sections of the lower appendicular skeleton

Back 48

hip, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet

Front 49

How many bones in the human body?

Back 49

206

Front 50

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

Back 50

126

Front 51

Name the second longest bone in your body.

Back 51

Humerus

Front 52

Name the bones of the forearm.

Back 52

Radius and Ulna

Front 53

Where are carpals?

Back 53

Wrist

Front 54

Where are metacarpals?

Back 54

Palms

Front 55

Where are phalanges?

Back 55

Fingers

Front 56

Which is the longest bone in the body?

Back 56

The femur

Front 57

What is the shinbone?

Back 57

Tibia

Front 58

Malignant neoplasm of bone

Back 58

Osteosarcoma

Front 59

Cartilage tissue cancer

Back 59

Chondrosarcoma

Front 60

Fibres tumor

Back 60

Fibrosarcoma

Front 61

A metabolic disease characterized by demineralization or loss of minerals from bone related to a Vitamin D deficiency.

Back 61

Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children)

Front 62

Localized, intermittent, and uncontrolled episodes of osteclastic (bone resorbing) and osteoblastic (bone forming) activity.

Back 62

Paget's disease

Front 63

Bacterial infections of bone and marrow tissue

Back 63

osteomyelitis

Front 64

What fracture? Bone pierces the skin.

Back 64

open (compound)

Front 65

What fracture? bone does not pierce the skin, no risk of infection

Back 65

closed (simple)

Front 66

What fracture? Bone fragments separate completely

Back 66

Complete

Front 67

What fracture? Bone fragments are still partially joined

Back 67

incomplete

Front 68

What fracture? Bone is bent but broken only on the outer curve of the bend (heals rapidly)

Back 68

greenstick

Front 69

What fracture? Breaks that produce many fractures

Back 69

comminuted

Front 70

What fracture? Bone fragments are driven into one another

Back 70

impacted

Front 71

What fracture? The fracture line is parallel to the bone's long axis

Back 71

linear

Front 72

What fracture? Fracture line is at a right angle to bone's long axis

Back 72

transverse

Front 73

What fracture? Fracture line is diagonal to the bone's long axis

Back 73

oblique

Front 74

What fracture? oblique fracture line that spirals around a bone

Back 74

spiral

Front 75

What is the best way to battle bone diseases?

Back 75

Weight training

Front 76

What do all muscles specialize in?

Back 76

Contractions or shortening

Front 77

Name some characteristics of cardiac muscle

Back 77

composes the bulk of the heart, has intercalated discs and striations, tissues contract as a unit

Front 78

What is another name for smooth muscle? Why?

Back 78

Visceral muscle. Found in many internal organs (blood vessels and intestines) and is involuntary.

Front 79

Skeletal muscle is also known as

Back 79

voluntary muscle

Front 80

What do tendons do?

Back 80

Anchor muscles firmly to bones

Front 81

Each muscle fibre is filled with 2 structural units called:

Back 81

thick and thin myofilaments

Front 82

What are thick myofilaments formed from?

Back 82

Protein called myosin

Front 83

What are thin myofilaments formed from?

Back 83

Protein called actin

Front 84

Delicate connective tissue sheath in a skeletal muscle; wraps each muscle fibre.

Back 84

Endomysium

Front 85

Course connective tissue in a skeletal muscle; wraps several sheathed muscle fibres.

Back 85

Perimysium

Front 86

Bundles of perimysium are called

Back 86

fascicles

Front 87

Tough outer coat of connective tissue in a skeletal muscle; covers the entire muscle.

Back 87

Epimysium

Front 88

These form strong tendons or sheet like aponeuroses.

Back 88

Epimysia

Front 89

Only the muscle's _________ bone moves. The muscle body pulls it toward the _________ bone.

Back 89

insertion; origin

Front 90

These help out prime movers.

Back 90

Synergists

Front 91

These relax and are opposite the prime mover.

Back 91

antagonists

Front 92

Which type of contraction helps us keep posture?

Back 92

Tonic

Front 93

Type of contraction? Quick, jerky response to stimulus.

Back 93

Twitch

Front 94

Type of contraction? Sustained and steady response produced by a series of stimuli.

Back 94

Tetanic

Front 95

Type of contraction? Produces movement at a joint and the muscle changes length (insertion moves toward origin)

Back 95

Isotonic

Front 96

Type of contraction? Muscle does not shorten and no movement results. (Tension increases)

Back 96

Isometric

Front 97

What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?

Back 97

Neurons and glia.

Front 98

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

Back 98

Sense organs and structures that regulate the body's autonomic functions (glandular secretions, heart beat, intestine contractions)

Front 99

What three parts does a neuron consist of?

Back 99

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

Front 100

Contains the nucleus in a neuron

Back 100

cell body

Front 101

in a neuron, branching projections that transmit impulses TO cell bodies or axons

Back 101

dendrites

Front 102

in a neuron, one elongated projection that transmits impulses AWAY from cell bodies or dendrites

Back 102

axon

Front 103

Sensory neurons transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body and are also called

Back 103

afferent nerves

Front 104

These neurons transmit impulses in the opposite direction of sensory. Also called efferent. What are they called and in which direction do they transmit?

Back 104

Motor neurons and away from the brain and spinal cord.

Front 105

These neurons conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons.

Back 105

interneurons

Front 106

What is glia often thought of as?

Back 106

Glue of the nervous system

Front 107

What functions does glia perform?

Back 107

hold neurons together and protect them, also insulate

Front 108

Name the tree types of glia

Back 108

astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes

Front 109

These glia are large and look like stars. They attach to neurons and small blood vessels.

Back 109

astrocytes

Front 110

A specialized type of neuron pathway that allows impulses in only one direction.

Back 110

reflex arc

Front 111

The simplest type of reflex arc consisting of sensory and motor neurons

Back 111

two-neuron arc

Front 112

A type of reflex arc consisting of motor, sensory, and interneuron neurons

Back 112

three-neuron arc

Front 113

Which type of reflex arc is the patellar reflex?

Back 113

two-neuron

Front 114

What are the protective regions of the brain and spinal cord called?

Back 114

meninges

Front 115

Name the four divisions of the brain.

Back 115

brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

Front 116

What two major structures make up the diencephalon?

Back 116

hypothalamus and thalamus

Front 117

What is the hypothalamus mainly responsible for?

Back 117

Major control over virtually all major organs.

Front 118

What is the brainstem responsible for?

Back 118

Vital controls (cardiac and respiratory)

Front 119

What does the thalamus do?

Back 119

Helps produce sensations

Front 120

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Back 120

Plays an essential role in normal movements

Front 121

What are some functions of the cerebrum?

Back 121

Vision, hearing, thinking, speech, memory

Front 122

What two sections are the nerves of the body divided into?

Back 122

Somatic (stimulates skeletal muscle) and autonomic (stimulates cardiac and smooth)

Front 123

A group of peripheral axons bundled together like the strands of a cable that have a myelin sheath.

Back 123

nerve

Front 124

in a nerve, this wraps the entire nerve

Back 124

epinerium

Front 125

in a nerve, this surrounds each fascicle

Back 125

perineurium

Front 126

in a nerve, this surrounds each individual nerve fibre

Back 126

endoneurium

Front 127

myelin sheath is a white, fatty lipid material formed by what?

Back 127

schwann cells

Front 128

these, which speed up impulses, are indentations between adjacent schwann cells

Back 128

nodes of ranvier

Front 129

In this degenerative disease the myelin sheath is damaged, disrupting normal nerve condition

Back 129

multiple sclerosis