Anatomy And Physiology (Test 2)

Front 1

Functions of the Nervous System

Back 1

-Controls the Internal Environment -Controls voluntary movements -Stores memories -Establishes patterns of response based on experience -Contains motor units and neurons

Front 2

CNS vs PNS

Back 2

CNS= Brain and spinal cord

PNS= Anything outside CNS(Sensory)

-Sensory information from the brain telling the PNS for motor output

Front 3

Parts of the Neuron

Back 3

Dendrites-Touch receptors

Axon-Carries Information

Synapse-Connection Transfer

Front 4

Impulse Transmission vs Synaptic Transmission

Back 4

Synaptic - diffuse across synaptic cleft

Impulse- responds to nerve impulses

Front 5

EPSP vs IPSP

Back 5

-protective mechanism to maintain homeostasis until threshold (Control Mechanism)

EPSP- closer the threshold

IPSP- less likely threshold is reached

Front 6

Temporal Summation vs Spatial Summation

Back 6

Temporal- Impulses in a concentrated area

Spatial- Impulses in a spatial area

Front 7

Depolarization vs Repolarization

Back 7

-sodium channel opens, some sodium diffuses in

-returning to resting potential

Front 8

Threshold and (Resting Potential,Graded Potential,Action Potential)

Back 8

-membrane potential level

-potential differences between the region inside the membrane to outside

-threshold is reached

Front 9

Sodium Potassium Pump

Back 9

-movement of sodium and potassium across a cellular membrane

Front 10

What do each joint proprioreceptors provide ?

Back 10

Free Nerve Endings (Touch and Pressure)

Golgi types receptors (Pressure on joints)

Pacnian Corpuscles ( Rate your joint rotation )

Front 11

How do each Muscle Proprioceptors help us move ?

Back 11

Golgi Tendon Organs ( Nerves in tendon)

Muscle Spindles (Fibers that wrap around a muscle cell )

Front 12

Vestibular Apparatus

Back 12

-Balance

Located in the inner ear

Linear and angular acceleration

Primary function is to maintain equilibrium

Front 13

How do Motor Unit size impact the movements we make

Back 13

Large-Power

Small-Reflexes(Eye Twitch)

Front 14

Movement Control of : Brain Stem

Cerebrum/ cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

Back 14

- responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

- associated with higher brain function such as thought and action.

-structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

-

Front 15

How does exercise positively influence brain function ?

Back 15

-Enhances learning and memory

-Stimulate Neurogenesus

- Improves brains vascular function and blood flow

- Levels off mechanisms involved in depression

Front 16

3 types of tissues

Back 16

-Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Front 17

Function of Muscles

Back 17

-Producing body movements

Stabilizing body positions

Regulating organ volumes

Movement of substances within the body

Producing heat

Front 18

Properties of muscles

Back 18

-Excitability

Conductivity

Contractile

Extensibility

Elasticity

Front 19

Connective tissues in muscles

Back 19

a. Endomysiumb. Perimysiumc. Epimysium

Front 20

Parts of the muscle

Back 20

Front 21

Parts of the muscle fiber – myofibril and sarcoplasm

Back 21

Myofibrils- thick and thin filaments (thick is actin and thin is myosin

Sarcoplasm-

Front 22

Parts within the sarcoplasm – transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 22

Transverse tubules- branch extensively inside the sarcoplasm which allows each sarcomere to be encircles by two T tubules

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-loose network of flattened tubules resembles the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 23

Sarcomeres and parts of striations

Back 23

•TheA band:

•TheI band region:

•Sarcomeres = Zline to Z line

Front 24

Actin and myosin

Back 24

•Thick filaments are composed of myosin •Heldin place by the M line proteins

-Actin has troponing and Troppmyons (Connecting signals)

Front 25

I band, A band, H zone, m line, z line, titin

Back 25

-

Front 26

Troponin, tropomyosin

Back 26

-Troponin and tropomyosin regulate contraction via calcium binding

Troponin is shown in red (subunits not distinguished). Upon binding calcium, troponin moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites on actin (bottom), effectively unblocking it.

Front 27

Sliding filament theory and how a contraction begins

Back 27

•Nerveimpulse reaches an axon terminal•AChdiffuses to receptors on the sarcolemma •Amuscle action potential spreads

Front 28

What happens during relaxation?

Back 28

•Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)breaks down AChwithin the synaptic cleft••Muscleaction potential ceases••Ca+2release channels close

•Activetransport pumps Ca2+ •Calcium-bindingprotein helps hold Ca+2 in SR•Tropomyosin-troponincomplex recovers•

Front 29

Contraction Cycle

Back 29

Contraction cycle- •Repeating sequence of events •4 steps to contraction cycle • Cycle keeps repeating as long as there is ATP available & high Ca+2 level near thin filament

Front 30

Motor unit recruitment

Back 30

•Total strength of a contraction

Motor units in a whole muscle fire asynchronously

Produces smooth muscular contraction

Precise movements require smaller contractions

Large motor units are active when large tension is needed

Front 31

Types of contractions

Back 31

Isotononic Contraction= (Same Tension) a load is moved

Isometric Contraction= (Same measure) no movement occurs

Front 32

Types of muscle fibers and the activities they are suited for

Back 32

•Slowoxidative (slow-twitch)

•Fastoxidative-glycolytic (fast-twitch A)

•Fastglycolytic (fast-twitch B)

Front 33

Exercise and muscle development

Back 33

Atrophy-

hypertrophy-

overload-

strain -

Front 34

Abnormal Contractions

Back 34

Spasm-

Cramp-

Tic-

Tremor-

fasciculation-

Front 35

How does aerobic exercise change the muscle?

Back 35

•Increasesnumber of capillaries •Increasesnumber of mitochondria

•Increasesability to synthesize myoglobin

Front 36

How does anaerobic exercise change the muscle?

Back 36

•Increasesmuscle size

•Increasesmuscle strength

•Increasesmuscle power

Front 37

Neuron Diagram (Test question)

Back 37

Front 38

Sarcomere Diagram (Test question)

Back 38

Front 39

Head Muscles(Test)

Back 39

Front 40

Front view Muscles(Test)

Back 40

Front 41

Back view muscles (Test)

Back 41