Anatomy 2 Test 2

Front 1

What is dennervation hypersensitivity?

Back 1

Effectors of ANS have exaggerated responses when denervated

Front 2

What are the effectors of somatic motor division?

Back 2

Skeletal muscles

Front 3

Where is the cell body located in the autonomic nervouse system?

Back 3

Ventral horn (1), and then ganglion

Front 4

What types of nerve endings are unencapsulated?

Back 4

Heat/cold

Front 5

What type of nerve ending are encapsulated?

Back 5

Pressure

Front 6

What do mechanoreceptors respond to?

Back 6

Touch, pressure, bibration, stretch, and itch

Front 7

What do nociceptors respond to?

Back 7

Pain

Front 8

What are exteroceptors sensitive to?

Back 8

touch, pressure, pain, temperature

Front 9

What are Interoceptors sensitive to and where are they found?

Back 9

Chemical changes, stretch, temperature changes
Found in internal viscera and blood vessels

Front 10

Which class of receptors "advice" the brain of one's movements?

Back 10

Proprioceptors

Front 11

Aer most receptors are simple or complex?

Back 11

Simple

Front 12

What is another name for or way of describing complex receptors?

Back 12

Special sense organs

Front 13

What sensations do free (dendritic) nerve endings respond to?

Back 13

Primitive sensations (temp, pain)

Front 14

What do Merkel (tactile) discs respond to?

Back 14

Light Touch

Front 15

Which simple receptors are unencapsulated?

Back 15

Free (dentdritic) nerve endings, Merkel (tactile) discs, Hair Follicle Receptors

Front 16

What do Meissner/Tactile corpuscles sense?

Back 16

Touch to skin

Front 17

What is the difference between krause end bulbs and meissner/tactile corpuscles?

Back 17

Krause end bulbs are found in mucous membranes, meissner/tactile corpuscles are found in skin

Front 18

What class of receptors are muscle spindles?

Back 18

Proprioceptors

Front 19

What do ruffini's corpuscles sense?

Back 19

Heavy touch, pressure, stretching of skin, and joint movements

Front 20

Which receptors are quickest to adapt?

Back 20

Pressure, touch, and smell

Front 21

Which two types of receptors do not adapt?

Back 21

Proprioceptors and pain receptors

Front 22

Second order neurons transmit impulses from where to where?

Back 22

Dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei to thalmus or cerebellum

Front 23

First order neurons transmit signals from where to where?

Back 23

Skin to spinal cord or brain stem. Soma is in Dorsal root or cranial ganglia

Front 24

What is an endoneurium?

Back 24

Loose connective tissue that surrounds axons, outside of myelinnation

Front 25

What is a perineurium?

Back 25

Coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

Front 26

What is an epineurium?

Back 26

Touch fibrous sheath around a nerve (wraps up many fascilcles)

Front 27

Which is afferent, sensory or motor?

Back 27

Sensory

Front 28

Which 4 cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers toat serve muscles and glands?

Back 28

Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

Front 29

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

Back 29

Eye movements

Front 30

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 30

1. Ophthalmic (sensation of upper face)
2. Maxillary (sensation in lower face)
3. Mandibular (sensation of mandible and for chewing)

Front 31

What does the abducens nerve do?

Back 31

Eye movement

Front 32

What is the function of the facial nerve?

Back 32

Sensory: Taste buds (anterior 2/3)
Motor: Facial expressions

Front 33

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 33

Sensory: taste buds (posterior 1/3) and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx
Motor: Swallowing, Parotid salicaty gland

Front 34

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

Back 34

Motor: parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
Sensory: Taste

Front 35

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves are there?

Back 35

Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1

Front 36

What is the conus medullaris?

Back 36

Terminal end of the spinal cord

Front 37

What is the filum terminale?

Back 37

pia that anchors SC to coccyx

Front 38

What is the cauda equina?

Back 38

Spinal roots exiting vertibral column interiorly to L2

Front 39

What is the most important nerve from the cervical plexus?

Back 39

Phrenic nerve

Front 40

Which vertebrae does the brachial plexus stem from?

Back 40

C4-C8, T1-T2

Front 41

Which vertebrae does the lumbar plexus come from?

Back 41

L1-L4

Front 42

What does the obturator nerve do?

Back 42

Aducts the leg

Front 43

What two nerves is the sciatic nerve composed of?

Back 43

Tibial and common fibular (peroneal)

Front 44

What does Hilton's law say?

Back 44

Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint

Front 45

What is another name for reciprocal inhibition and an example of it?

Back 45

Stretch (Myotatic) and Deep Tendon Reflexes

Front 46

What are the 4 types of muscle spindles?

Back 46

1. Primary afferent (sensory) type 1a
2. Secondary sensory (Type2)
3. Gamma motor
4. Alpha motor

Front 47

What is the difference between Gamma and Alpha muscle neurons?

Back 47

Gamma neurons cause muscle to contract or relax with corresponding change in muscle length.
Alpha neurons cause muscle to contract.

Front 48

When muscles are contracted, which type of muscle spindle fiber is activated?

Back 48

Type 1a

Front 49

Which kind of nerves have long preganglionic neurons and short postganglionic neurons?

Back 49

Parasympathetic division and also glands from the sympathetic division

Front 50

Which sympathetic neurons don't synapse at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Back 50

-Celiac, inferior, and superior mesenteric ganglia
-Adrenal medulla

Front 51

What is mass activation?

Back 51

Sympathetic division has the capability of affecting several organ systems at once?

Front 52

How many ganglia are typically on the sympathetic ganglia chain?

Back 52

23

Front 53

What are splanchnic nerves?

Back 53

1 of 3 routes for preganglionic sympathetic fibers to travel. They synapse at paravertebral ganglia.

Front 54

What is another name for terminal ganglia?

Back 54

Parasympathetic ganglia

Front 55

Which nervous system does not facilitate mass activation?

Back 55

Parasympathetic

Front 56

What three plexuses are formed from the vagus nerve?

Back 56

1. Cardiac plexus
2. Pulmonary plexus
3. Esophageal plexus

Front 57

What is the role of the cardiac plexus?

Back 57

Decrease heart rate

Front 58

What does the esophageal plexus do?

Back 58

Regulates swallowing

Front 59

Why does referred pain occur?

Back 59

Visceral pain afferent nerves travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers

Front 60

What are Cholinergic fibers?

Back 60

ACh-releasing fibers

Front 61

Are nicotene receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both? How about Muscarinic receptors?

Back 61

Nicotinic - Always excitatory
Muscarinic - Either inhibitory or excitatory

Front 62

NE receptors a1, a2, b1, and b2... label which are excitatory and which are inhibitory.

Back 62

a1 and b1 are excitatory
a2 and b2 are inhibitory

Front 63

What is dual innervation?

Back 63

Innervation from both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Front 64

How does sympathetic tone affect blood vessels?

Back 64

Controls blood pressure and keeps blood vessels in continual state of partial constriction. Both constricts vessels and allows them to dialate.

Front 65

Which nervous system exerts short lived, highly localized control vs. long lasting, diffuse effects? (Parasympathetic or Autonomic?)

Back 65

Parasympathetic