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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epidural space
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space between the vertebrae and the dura mater filled with fat and a network of veins
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conus meduliaris
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terminal portion of the spinal cord
Cone shaped structure (at L1) |
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filum terminale
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fibrous extension of the conus meduliaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
Covered by pia mater Anchors spinal cord in place |
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Denticulate ligaments (push pins)
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delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
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sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge
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cauda equina (pony tail)
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collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
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first-order neruons
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soma reside in dorsal root or cranial ganglia, and conduct impulses from the skin to the spinal cord or brain stem
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Second- order neurons
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soma reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
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third-order
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located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
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Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
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Arises from the olfactory epithelium
Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell |
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Cranial Nerve II: Optic
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Arises from the retina of the eye
Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm They continue to the thalamus where they synapse From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision |
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Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor
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Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go to the extrinsic eye muscles
Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia |
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Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear
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Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle
Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball |
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Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal
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Three divisions:
ophthalmic (V1) maxillary (V2 mandibular (V3) Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face (V1) and (V2), and supplies motor fibers (V3) for mastication |
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Cranial Nerve VI: Abdcuens
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Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure
Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle |
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Cranial Nerve VII: Facial
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Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face
Mixed nerve with five major branches Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue |
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Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
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Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border
Two divisions cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance) Functions are solely sensory equilibrium and hearing |
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Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
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Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat
Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions Motor innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland Sensory fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx |
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Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
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The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen The vagus is a mixed nerve Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs Its sensory function is in taste |
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Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
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Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord
The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen |
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Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
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Primarily a motor nerve
Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck |
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Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
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Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal
Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech |
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Spinal Nerves
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8 cervical (C1-C8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 Coccygeal (C0) |
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Adrenergic Receptors
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The two types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta
Effects of NE binding to: receptors is generally stimulatory receptors is generally inhibitory A notable exception NE binding to receptors of the heart is stimulatory |
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Muscarinic Receptors
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Muscarinic receptors occur on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers
The effect of ACh binding: Can be either inhibitory or excitatory Depends on the receptor type of the target organ |
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Nicotinic Receptors
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Nicotinic receptors are found on:
Motor end plates (somatic targets) All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The hormone-producing cells of the adreanal medulla The effect of ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory |
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Cholinergic Receptors
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The two types of receptors that bind ACh are nicotinic and muscarinic
These are named after drugs that bind to them and mimic Ach effects |
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Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways
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The paravertebral form part of the sympathetic trunk or chain
Typically there are 23 ganglia 3 cervical 11 thoracic 4 lumbar 4 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways
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A preganglionic fiber follows one of three pathways upon entering the paravertebral ganglia
Synapse with the ganglionic neruon within same ganglion Ascend or descend the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion Pass through the chain ganglion and emerge without synapsing |
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Pathways to the Head
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Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T4 and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion
These fibers: Serve the skin and blood vessels of head Stimulate dilator muscles of the iris Inhibit nasal and salivary glands |
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Pathways to the Thorax
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Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T6 and synapse in the cervical chain ganglia
Postganglionic fibers emerge from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia and enter nerves C4-C8 These fibers innervate the heart via the cardiac plexus, as well as innervating the thyroid and the skin |
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Pathways to the Thorax
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Other T1-T6 preganglionic fibers synapse in the nearest chain ganglia
Postganglionic fibers directly serve the heart aorta lungs espohagus |
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Pathways with Synapses in Collateral Ganglia
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These fibers (T5-L2) leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing
They form thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerve Their ganglia include the celiac the superior and inferior mesenterics the hypogastric |
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Pathways to the Abdomen
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Sympathetic nerves innervating the abdomen have preganglionic fibers from T5-L2
They travel through the thoracic splanchnic nerves and synapse at the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia Postganglionic fibers serve the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys |
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Pathways to the Pelvis
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Preganglionic fibers originate from T10-L2
Most travel via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves to the inferior mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia Postganglionic fibers serve the distal half of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and the reproductive organs |
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Pathways with Synapses in the Adrenal Medulla
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Fibers of the thoracic splanchnic nerve pass directly to the adrenal medulla
Upon stimulation, medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood |
