Anatomical Kinesiology

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consists of bone structures and is divided into sections called the axial and appendicular skeletons

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Skeletal System

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skull, pelvis, vertebral column

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Axial

Front 3

all other bones in the extremities

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Appendicular

Front 4

gives framework to body, provides area of attachment for muscles, produces movement using muscle torques, provides protection for vital organs in body, production units of red blood cells which transport oxygen throughout the body

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Purpose of the Skeleton

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most common type of bone is the long bone and has weight bearing, and short bones are in hands and feet

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Bones

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raised section of a bone that provides an ideal location for tendon to attach

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Tuberosity

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shallow part of bone

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Fossa

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any opening in anatomy
ex. an opening in a bone where nerves go through

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Foramen

Front 9

A large, rounded articular process

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Condyle

Front 10

the junction between two bones

the type of this junction dictates type of joint that exists in an anatomical unit

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Articulation

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this articulation minimizes movement, amphiarthrodial articulation allows some movement between bones contained in joints

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Synarthrodial articulation

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articulations that support free movement

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Diarthrodial articulation

Front 13

these are on the outside of the joint capsule bones, are there to hold them together

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Ligament

Front 14

attach muscle to bone

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Tendon

Front 15

Amount of movement that can occur before being restricted by surrounding tissue is known as joints mobility and degree of mobility is determined by range of motion

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Flexibility

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extends from top of head to feet splitting body in right and left sides
(flexion, extension, hypertension moves)

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Sagittal

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body into front and back side

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Frontal Plane

Front 18

divides body into top and bottom parts

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Transverse Plane

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is a series of bony segments linked together at a pivot point called a joint

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Human skeleton

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Composed of brain and spinal cord,

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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accounts for 80% of brain’s weight, involved in abstract reasoning and voluntary movement, has right and left cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum is nerve cable that crosses this gap to connect the hemispheres so they communicate

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Cerebral Cortex

Front 22

hypothalamus contains nerve centers that control body temperature and rate if burning fat. Above this is the thalamus which integrates sensory info from all parts of the body

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Forebrain

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contains medulla, pons, cerebellum, and midbrain

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Brainsteam

Front 24

has white matter and grey matter. White area contains myelinated fibers
Which are surrounded by a myelin sheath. Carries info to and from the brain. Grey area contraines myelinated nerve fibers

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Spinal Cord

Front 25

Spinal cord can respond without waiting for brain like jerking away from thorn.
This is called spinal reflex. This takes advantage of the fact that muscles work in pairs and one muscle an agonist moves a joint in one direction when it is contracted. Contracting the antagonist muscle opposed the action of the agonist

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Spinal Reflexes

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-made up of sensory nerves that relay messages from senses throughout body and back to CNS
-neurons are cells that receive and send messages throughout the nervous system
Sensory neurons go to brain or spinal cord, Efferent neurons carry signals from brain or spinal cord, and interneurons start and end in the brain or spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Front 27

responding for sending and returning messages throughout our nervous system. Language of neural messages is a simple binary off-on code

When an action potential reaches the end of the axon it meets a synapse which is a junction between two neurons, movement of neural impulse across this junction is synaptic transmission. Action potential will not fire unless synaptic transmission is strong enough

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Neural Impulses

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sensory receptors that receive stimuli that provide a description of environment

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Exteroceptors

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sensory receptors that receive stimuli that provide information about current state of our body

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Proprioceptors

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detect objects in world around us

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Exteroception

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cornea, iris, retina, sclera. Everything seen outside of central vision is ambient or peripheral vision

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Vision

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senses of skin like temperature, pain, and pressure sensations

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Cutaneous Senses

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-perception of individual body parts or the whole body
-sense organs in vestibular system located in inner ear determine ability to perceive orientation and rotary acceleration, allows us to maintain balance

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Proprioception

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contain the proteins for contraction in muscle cells

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Myofibrils

Front 35

the cell membrane that surrounds each muscle cell

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Sarcolemma

Front 36

Muscle bundles grouped together to form entire muscle and surrounded by connective tissue, connective tissue is tapered at ends of muscle to form tendons

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Muscle Groupings

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Actin filaments slide over myosin filaments

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Sliding Filament Theory

Front 38

fibers that have limited capacity for aerobic metabolism and are easily fatigued

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fast twitch fibers

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have capacity for relatively high aerobic capacity and a high resistance to fatigue, and better equipped to shuttle nutrients and elements from the blood to the muscle cells

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slow twitch fibers

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motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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Motor-unit

Front 41

depends on number of active motor units and rate at which motor units discharge action potentials

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Muscle force

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is when shortening of muscle tissue causes a joint angle to decrease

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Flexion

Front 43

is when activation of muscle results in increased joint angle

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Extension

Front 44

happen when active muscle shortens

ex. upward positive motion of a bicep curl

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Concentric contractions

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occur when active muscle lengthens

ex. downward negative motion of a bicep curl

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eccentric contractions

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the study of cell biology and structure

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Cytology

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is the study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice, using a microscope. It can be described as microscopic anatomy

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Histology

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Levels of Organization in Anatomy (small to big)

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Chemical
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism