Kinesiology 12

Front 1

chromosome

Back 1

In the nucleus of every cell, the chromosomes contain the genetic material of an individual, in the form of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They are visible during cell division, and in humans there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes which code for the phenotype and genotype of each individual.

Front 2

sexual reproduction

Back 2

genes from two individuals coming together to form one individual with the same number or chromosomes.

Front 3

fetus

Back 3

developing human embryo 8 weeks after fertilization.

Front 4

semen

Back 4

whitish fluid secreted by male reproductive tract. carries sperm

Front 5

sperm

Back 5

single-celled swimming organisms in semen that propel themselves by beating tails. carries male genetic material. made of three sections head (chromosomes) body(energy/mitochondria), tail(propulsion).

Front 6

ovum

Back 6

egg. holds female genetic material

Front 7

fertilization

Back 7

The joining of a single egg and a single sperm cell so that the genetic material can combine to form a new, unique individual, fertilization is key to sexual reproduction.

Front 8

mitosis

Back 8

cell division where chromosome # remains constant.

Front 9

spindle

Back 9

fibrous attachment that connects chromosomes to centrioles during cell division.

Front 10

centromeres

Back 10

point of attachment of chromosomes to spindle during mitotic division.

Front 11

crossing over

Back 11

in meiosis, exchange of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes, mixing genetic material (alleles) important to evolution.

Front 12

gametes

Back 12

reproductive cells of males and females

Front 13

oogonia

Back 13

primary germ cell which gives rise to ova.

Front 14

haploid

Back 14

half the # of chromosomes - of parent organisms, as in sperm and ova which come together through fertilization to form one individual with the correct # of chromosomes (diploid.)

Front 15

polar body

Back 15

non-functional infertile daughter cells formed during oogenesis, these are eventually reabsorbed.

Front 16

sexual differentiation

Back 16

process by which a human becomes male or female, depending on whether a Y chromosome is present. If present, changes happen at 7th week of gestation to create male versus female gender.

Front 17

X chromosome

Back 17

one of the human chromosomes responsible for determining gender. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y sex chromosome.

Front 18

y chromosome

Back 18

when present, causes sexual differentiation into male gender at 7th week of gestation, causing development of male reproductive organs.

Front 19

diploid

Back 19

refers to organisms created via sexual reproduction having PAIRS of homologous chromosomes (one each from mom/dad) as opposed to one chromosome set which is termed as haploid.

Front 20

meiosis

Back 20

cell division in which chromosome # is half that of the parent cell. occurs in ovaries and testes to generate reproductive cells (haploid.)

Front 21

spermatogonia

Back 21

primary germ cell which gives rise to sperm daughter cells: spermatocytes which become sperm.

Front 22

genotype

Back 22

genetic makeup of an individual

Front 23

testes

Back 23

male sperm-producing organ

Front 24

testosterone

Back 24

male sex hormone produced by the testes which directs development of male reproductive organs and is secreted throughout life. testosterone secretion feeds back to hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of GnRH

Front 25

secondary sexual characteristics

Back 25

external characteristics which distinguish males from females - body shape, hair distribution, voice differences.

Front 26

primary sexual characteristics

Back 26

the main reproductive & genital structures of males and females

Front 27

seminiferous tubule

Back 27

long tubules in the testes through which sperm move to the epididymis.

Front 28

epidiymis

Back 28

the oblong body in males surrounding the testes where sperm move via the seminiferous tubule to be stored in and to mature.

Front 29

ejaculation

Back 29

reflex discharge of semen from the penis initiated by parasympathetic reflexes. sperm is forced into the urethra by contraction ofthe epididymus and seminal vessicles and mucous-like fluid is added from seminal vessicles.

Front 30

prostate

Back 30

supplies nutrients and other substances to fluid that is added to sperm

Front 31

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 31

secreted at puberty by the hypothalamus, transported via blood to anterior pituitary which it stimulates to release LH and FSH.

Front 32

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 32

stimulates leydig cells to increase testosterone production.

Front 33

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 33

acts on sertoli cells of testes, promotes spermatogenesis.

Front 34

sertoli cells

Back 34

cells in testicles, promote spermatogenesis, secrete inhibin

Front 35

leydig cells

Back 35

located in the testes, these produce testosterone

Front 36

inhibin

Back 36

acts on anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of FSH. secreted from sertoli cells of testes.

Front 37

glans penis

Back 37

end muscular portion of penis - richly supplied with nerves.

Front 38

erection

Back 38

distension of the erectile tissue of the penis caused by increased arterial pressure and compression of venous sinuses in penis.

Front 39

emission

Back 39

contraction of the vas deferens, ampulla, seminal vessicles, and prostate, pushing semen to the base of urethra causing ejaculation.

Front 40

orgasm

Back 40

emission + ejaculation in males

Front 41

ovaries

Back 41

produce eggs or ova - 1/2 the genetic material required to make humans.

Front 42

fallopian tubes

Back 42

carry eggs to the uterus.

Front 43

uterus

Back 43

organ where fetus develops

Front 44

cervix

Back 44

narrowed end of uterus

Front 45

vagina

Back 45

canal which connects uterus to outside

Front 46

vulva

Back 46

collective term for female external genitalia.

Front 47

labia minora

Back 47

one of the pair of skin folds at the external opening of the vagina.

Front 48

clitoris

Back 48

erectile tissue in females, homologous to the penis, richly supplied with nerve endings.

Front 49

hymen

Back 49

thin membrane of tissue which may partially close the vagina.

Front 50

estrogen

Back 50

major female hormone secreted by the ovaries

Front 51

areola

Back 51

area surrounding the nipple

Front 52

menstrual cycle

Back 52

periodic maturation of an oocyte in the ovary, coupled with physical changes in uterus, once monthly over roughly a 30 yr. period.

Front 53

menarche

Back 53

first period, which begins menstruation.

Front 54

primary follicle

Back 54

flattened layer of cells in the ovary which oocytes are imbedded.

Front 55

graafian follicle

Back 55

primary follicles mature into secondary follicles, then grow, fill with fluid and mature further into graafian follicles.

Front 56

ovulation

Back 56

release of the ovum from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

Front 57

zygote

Back 57

fertilized ovum - diploid (combined sperm and ova genetic material)

Front 58

corpus luteum

Back 58

"yellow body" the name of the graafian follicle after it has burst to release the ovum. It fills with a yellowish fluid, secretes hormones that help to maintain the uterus if the ovum is fertilized.

Front 59

endometrium

Back 59

the lining of the uterus which exudes nutrient-rich secretions if a fertilized ovu reaches it.

Front 60

menstruation

Back 60

if fertilization doesn't occur, the uterus sheds the endometrium and some blood through the process called menstruation.

Front 61

progesterone

Back 61

secreted by the corpus luteum witho ovulation, progesterone stimulates growth, integrity and glandular function of the endometrium.

Front 62

premenstrual syndrome

Back 62

PMS cluster of symptoms preceding menstuation - cause is not well known.

Front 63

menopause

Back 63

cessation of menstrual cycle, accompanied by by diminished estrogen and progesterone secretion

Front 64

fertilization

Back 64

fusing of sperm with ovum to begin pregnancy.

Front 65

capacitation

Back 65

Once several hundred (of several million starting out) sperm make it into the uterus, they rest there and undergo capacitation, which is the removal of a layer of protein molecules from their surface. This then makes it possible for them to be able to fuse with, thus fertilizing, an ovum.

Front 66

activation

Back 66

changes that happen to sperm in region of the ovu to make sperm able to fuse with ovum. They take on a lurching motion during this process.

Front 67

embryo

Back 67

developing organism from fertilization until about 8 weeks.

Front 68

morula

Back 68

about three days after fertilization, multiple mitotic divisions transform the single cell into a morula - a compact body of about 16 cells.

Front 69

blastocyst

Back 69

additional cell divisions cause the morula to enlarge to become a fluid filled bundle of cells - blastocyst is therefore ready for implantation.

Front 70

placenta

Back 70

evident at five weeks, this structure connects the developing embryo and nourishes it from the mothers blood until birth.

Front 71

fetus

Back 71

at the end of the first trimester, the embryo is called a fetus.

Front 72

teratogens

Back 72

substances which produce birth defects, including alcohol.

Front 73

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Back 73

damage caused to the fetus by the mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy. malformed limbs and face and severe mental deficiency are symptoms.

Front 74

parturition

Back 74

birth

Front 75

oxytocin

Back 75

posterior pituitary hormone which plays an active role in lactation and in stimulation of uterine contractions during parturition.

Front 76

afterbirth

Back 76

following birth, the placental detachment and explusion from the uterine wall.

Front 77

lactation

Back 77

milk secretion from the breasts, stimulated by prolactin.

Front 78

prolactin

Back 78

hormone which stimulates milk production by breast glandular tissue

Front 79

milk let-down

Back 79

ejection of milk from the breast stimulated by oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary.

Front 80

condom

Back 80

barrier method of contraception - places a thin rubber sheath over the penis to prevent insemination of the uterus.

pro- prohibits STD's for the most part.
Con - doesn't always work.

Front 81

diaphragm

Back 81

barrier method where a circular ring of rubber is placed over cervix to act as a barrier to prevent insemination - used with spermicide. Pro - works sometimes. Con - doesn't always work, fiddly.

Front 82

cervical cap

Back 82

- like diaphragm only smaller. Con - doesn't always work

Front 83

sterilization

Back 83

methods by which people are made incapable of reproducing. includes tubal ligation and vasectomy. Pro: works. Con: doesn't prevent STD's, and is sometimes irreversible.

Front 84

tubal ligation

Back 84

surgical cutting and tieing off of fallopian tubes in a female - prevents ovum from reaching fallopian tubes. Pro- works. Con - irreversible, doesn't prevent STD's.

Front 85

vasectomy

Back 85

cutting and tieing off of the vas deferens in males. prevents sperm from entering seminal fluid. Pro- works. Con - sometimes irreversible, doesn't prevent STD's.

Front 86

oral contraception.

Back 86

alters hormonal patterns in females so that ovulation cannot occur. Pro - usually works if taken properly. Con - sometimes not taken properly, doesn't prevent STD's.

Front 87

intrauterine device.

Back 87

small plastic or metal device placed in uterus by a doctor. causes localized inflammatory response which prevents implantation of embryo, and hinders fertilization. Pro -works most of the time. Cons - Doesn't prevent STD's, and can cause uterine disease and even infertility.

Front 88

rhythm method

Back 88

method of trying to determine by basal temperature, when ovulation will occur, and abstaining from intercourse during that method. Pro- natural and fun. Con - usually results in pregnancy, and doesn't prevent STD's.

Front 89

RU486

Back 89

post fertilization chemical method of preventing zygote from implanting in uterus - works by blocking action of progesterone. Pro - works to eliminate pregnancy as result of rape. Con - hard on the body, and doesn't prevent STD's. NOt to be used as a contraception method. The "post-rape" anti-pregnancy drug"

Front 90

FSH in female versus male

Back 90

male - stimulates sperm production
female - stimulates follicles to secrete estrogen.

Front 91

How prolactin and oxytocin function to ensure lactation

Back 91

prolactin - stimulates milk production by breast glandular tissue. After birth, prolactin increases stimulation of breasts.

Oxytocin - then is secreted by the posterior pituitary which stimulates milk let-down (ejection.)

Front 92

Sequence of events - male to develop from an XY sex chromosome zygote.

Back 92

“Y” chromosomes codes for early development of male gonads. So, if the “Y” chromosome is present, the testes begin to develop around week seven of gestation. (Otherwise, the testes instead become ovaries.) The developing testes then begin to secrete increasing levels of testosterone, which in turn causes the male reproductive organs to develop further. In the absence of this testosterone, female organs instead develop.

Front 93

testosterone level feedback system

Back 93

1. hypothalamus releases GnRH to blood at onset of puberty
2. GnRH arrivves at anterior pituitary via blood, stimulating release of FSH and LH to blood.
3. in testes FSH causes sertoli cells to mature, permitting spermatogenesis.
4. sertoli cell maturation causes secretion of inhibin to blood.
5. inhibin release to blood causes anterior pituitary to inhibit secretion of FSH.
6. LH stimulates leydig cells of testes to produce testosterone.
7. increased testosterone levels feed back to hypothalamus, inhibiting secretion of GnRH, which inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of LH.

Front 94

endocrine functioning in maintaining a pregnancy

Back 94

during first 5-6 weeks, ovaries secrete increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. Then, placenta, as maturing, secretes estrogen and progesterone. From then on, placental hormone secretions are sufficient to maintain the pregnancy.

Front 95

primary and secondary sexual characteristics in males at puberty

Back 95

Primary: Enlargement of the testes, scrotum, and penis occur ( major reproductive anatomy) Secondary: Body hair distribution changes, facial and pubic hair develop, and the larynx and vocal cord enlargement mean that the voice deepens. The muscles develop further, while bone growth ceases, meaning that adult stature is reached, and further “adult” muscular definition takes place.

Front 96

development of sperm versus oocytes

Back 96

sperm: undergoes mitosis and regenerate throughout life after puberty.
create four haploid daughter cells through meiosis.

oocytes: don't undergo mitosis.
remain at anaphase I of meiosis until fertilization.
Meiosis results in one secondary oocyte, (haploid) and one polar body. other polar bodies die.

Front 97

menopause symptoms

Back 97

hot flashes, mood swings, headaches, depression, muscular aches. can last for years. brought on by diminished estrogen and progesterone. decreased breast size and vaginal lubricants.

Front 98

structures which sperm must pass through to fertilize the egg.

Back 98

vagina-> cervix-> uterus (including cilieary motion of uterus) ->stays in uterus for some time until capacitation occurs (removal of protein layer) -> fallopian tubes -> activation -> lurching motion of sperm in area of ovum, and ONE sperm makes it through.