An5101 Osteology Cards

Front 1

The spine consists of seven ___ cervical vertebrae,
___ thoracic vertebrae,
___ lumbar vertebrae,
___ fused sacral vertebrae,
and ___ fused coccygeal vertebrae.

Back 1

7 Cervical

(12) thoracic

(5) lumbar

(5) fused sacral vertebrae

four (4) fused coccygeal vertebrae

Front 2

The spine consists of ___ moveable vertebrae

Back 2

24

Front 3

Size of the vetrebral body ___ as we go down.

Back 3

increases

Front 4

The spine is curved to support ___

Back 4

weight

Front 5

There are __- normal curves that are formed by the vertebral column.

Back 5

two

Front 6

The curves function like connected arches adding additional ___ and ___.

Back 6

flexibility

shock absorption

Front 7

The additional flexibility (shock absorbance) is dynamic and maintained by ___ muscle groups

–___ flexors resist hyperlordosis in LS
–Long ___ resist hyperkyphosis in TS

Back 7

antagonistic

Abdominal

back extensors

Front 8

Primary curves: also known as ___ curves are found in the ___ and ___ regions.

Back 8

kyphotic

thoracic

sacral

Front 9

___ curves are concave anteriorly due mainly to a decreased ___ anteriorly and an increased height ___ of the vertebral bodies.

Back 9

Kyphotic

height

posteriorly

Front 10

The kyphoses develop during ___ when the fetus is in a C-shaped position (fetal position) and are maintained throughout life

Back 10

gestation

Front 11

Secondary curves: also known as ___ curves are found in the cervical and lumbar regions.

Back 11

lordotic

Front 12

Lordotic curves are concave ___ and are maintained due to height differences in the intervertebral discs.

Back 12

posteriorly

Front 13

Cervical ___ develops when the infant begins to hold the head up (___ months)

Back 13

lordosis

~4

Front 14

Lumbar ___ develops when the infant begins to stand erect and walk (___ months)

Back 14

lordosis

10-18

Front 15

Bone markings that are common to cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae:

Body - Thick anterior portion that is designed for ___ bearing. The size of the vertebral bodies ___ as you descend the spinal column. In situ, the superior and inferior surfaces of the body are covered with ___ cartilage and are known as the vertebral end plates.

Back 15

weight

increase

hyaline

Front 16

Bone markings that are common to cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae:

___ (little feet) - Two short, thick processes located on the posterior body. They will project posteriorly

Back 16

Pedicle

Front 17

Bone markings that are common to cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae:

___ - Two flat processes that come off the pedicles and meet in the midline.

Back 17

Lamina

Front 18

Bone markings that are common to cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae:

The pedicles and laminae along with the spinous process form the ___.

Along with the body they form the ___.

Back 18

vertebral arch

vertebral foramen

Front 19

Vertebral foramina of multiple levels form the ___.

Back 19

vertebral canal

Front 20

Back 20

Vertebral Body

Front 21

Back 21

Lamina

Front 22

Back 22

Vertebral Arch

Front 23

Back 23

Pedicle

Front 24

Back 24

Vertebral Foramen

Front 25

___ processes that extend off of the vertebral arch:

Back 25

Seven

Front 26

Seven processes that extend off of the vertebral arch:

___ - located in the midline off the convergence of the laminae. Projects posteriorly and, usually, inferiorly. •The base of the SP helps form the arch

Back 26

Spinous Process

Front 27

Seven processes that extend off of the vertebral arch:

2)___ - extend laterally to either side of the vertebra at the junction of the pedicle and lamina.

Back 27

Transverse Processes

Front 28

Seven processes that extend off of the vertebral arch cont:

___ - 2 superior and 2 inferior form the ___ joints between vertebrae. They also arise from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. Each process has an articular ___.

•The articular processes stack on top of each other and form the ___ (column).

Back 28

Fill in*****

Front 29

Back 29

Spinous Process

Front 30

Back 30

Transverse Process

Front 31

Back 31

Superior Articular Facet

Front 32

Back 32

Inferior Articular Facet

Front 33

Back 33

portion of articular pillar

Front 34

Back 34

Zygoapophyseal Joint

Front 35

Back 35

ligamentum Flavum

Front 36

Back 36

Articular Pillar

Front 37

C1, C2 and C7 are ___ C3-C6 are __-

Back 37

atypical typical

Front 38

Back 38

Body

Front 39

Back 39

Lamina

Front 40

Back 40

Pedicle

Front 41

Back 41

Spinous process

Front 42

Back 42

Vertebral arch

Front 43

Back 43

Transverse process

Front 44

Back 44

Vertebral foramen

Front 45

Typical Cervical Vertebrae C3-C6:

Spinous Process - C2-C6 have a ___ spinous process (cleaved in 2)

Back 45

bifid

Front 46

Typical Cervical Vertebrae C3-C6:

Vertebral (spinal) foramen - large and ___ shaped

Back 46

triangle

Front 47

Typical Cervical Vertebrae C3-C6:

In the cervical spine C1-C7 have foramen of the ___ process (foramen transversarium).

Back 47

transverse

Front 48

Back 48

foramen transversarium (foramen of the transverse process)

Front 49

The superior facets face ___, ___, & ___.

Back 49

posteriorly, superiorly, and medial.

Front 50

The __- processes in C/S consist of anterior (costal process) and posterior (true transverse process) parts joined together by the intertubercular lamella.

Back 50

transverse

Front 51

Back 51

Anterior Tubercle of Transverse Process

Front 52

Back 52

posterior Tubercle of Transverse Process

Front 53

Back 53

Intertubercular lamella of Transverse Process

Front 54

The anterior tubercle at C6 is also known as the ___ because the common ___ artery can be compressed against the tubercle at this level.

Back 54

carotid tubercle

carotid

Front 55

The foramen of the transverse process is located in the TP B/L ___.

Back 55

C1-C7

Front 56

The vertebral a. enters the foramen of the TP at the ___ level and runs up through C1 where it enters the ___.

Back 56

C6

foramen magnum

Front 57

Running with the vertebral a. is a ___ of nerves

Back 57

sympathetic plexus

Front 58

The vertebral v enters the foramen of the TP at the ___ level and continues through C7 and then drains into the ___.

Back 58

C1

subclavian v

Front 59

On the superior surface of each cervical vertebra the ___ form a lateral and slightly posterior raised rim

Back 59

uncinate processes

Front 60

Uncinate processes help to limit ___ and to prevent IVD protrusion.

Back 60

lateral flexion

Front 61

Back 61

Unicate Process

Front 62

The uncinate processes may form a ___ (uncovertebral joints/joints of von Luschka) with the vertebra above, C3-C6.

Back 62

synovial joint

Front 63

The joint formed by uncinate processes is a common site of ___ formation

Back 63

osteophyte

Front 64

Back 64

Superior Vertebral Notch

Front 65

C1 does not have a vertebral body, but has two ___ connected by anterior and posterior arches

Back 65

lateral masses

Front 66

Each lateral mass of C1 has a superior and inferior ___ and a TP.

Back 66

articular process

Front 67

The superior articular facets are shaped like a ___ and articulate with the occipital condyles.

Back 67

peanut

Front 68

The inferior articular c1 facets are regularly shaped ___ and articulate with C2.

Back 68

oval

Front 69

Back 69

Lateral Mass of C1

Front 70

Back 70

Anterior Arch of C1

Front 71

Back 71

Anterior Tubercle of C1

Front 72

Back 72

Posterior Arch of C1

Front 73

Back 73

Posterior Tubercle of C1

Front 74

Back 74

Superior Articular Facet of C1

Front 75

Back 75

Inferior Articular Facet of C1

Front 76

Back 76

Facet for Dens of C1

Front 77

Anterior Arch of C1

The anterior arch is the ___ of the two arches.

Back 77

smaller

Front 78

Anterior Arch of C1

Roughly in the middle of the arch on the anterior surface is the ___. This tubercle is the attachment site for the anterior longitudinal ligament, and the longus colli muscles.

Back 78

anterior tubercle

Front 79

Anterior Arch of C1

On the posterior surface of the arch is found a smooth surface, the facet for the ___. It is covered in hyaline cartilage and forms a diarthrodial, synovial pivot joint with the ___ (dens). This joint allows the majority of rotation in the C/S.

Back 79

dens

odontoid process

Front 80

Posterior Arch of C1

The ___ of the two arches, the posterior arch also has a posterior elevation called the ___, which serves as an attachment for the ligamentum nuchae and the origin of rectus capitis posterior minor mm.

Back 80

larger

posterior tubercle

Front 81

The distinguishing characteristic of C2 is the tooth-like process that protrudes superiorly off the body, the ___

Back 81

dens/odontoid process.

Front 82

The dens has a ___ lined articular facet anteriorly, and a ___ posteriorly for the transverse portion of the cruciform l. (transverse ligament of atlas).

Back 82

hyaline

groove

Front 83

Back 83

Odontoid Process/ Dens of C2

Front 84

Back 84

Articular facet for anterior arch of C1

Front 85

Back 85

Inferior Articular Process of C2

Front 86

The superior articular processes of C2 are on the ___ (not the pediculolaminar junction) and appear more as a smoothed out region than an actual process.

Back 86

pedicles

Front 87

Like the inferior articular facets of C1, the superior articular facets of C2 are smooth and ___ shaped.

Back 87

oval

Front 88

C7 is also called the ___ because of its prominent spinous process. The SP usually projects directly posterior and is not bifid.

Back 88

vertebra prominens

Front 89

The foramen of the TP is usually a little smaller and only the ___ passes through. NO VERTEBRAL A. OR SYMPATHETIC PLEXUS!

Back 89

vertebral v.

Front 90

The most prominent bump of the Occiput is known as the ___

Back 90

external occipital protuberance (EOP) / Inion

Front 91

Back 91

External Occipital Protuberance

Front 92

Back 92

External Occipital Crest

Front 93

Back 93

Supreme Nuchal Line

Front 94

Back 94

Superior Nuchal Line

Front 95

Back 95

Inferior Nuchal Line

Front 96

Back 96

Foramen Magnum

Front 97

Back 97

Occipital Condyle

Front 98

Continuing inferiorly from the EOP is the ___

Back 98

external occipital crest (EOC)

Front 99

The EOP is the attachment site for the ___

Back 99

trapezius muscle

Front 100

There may be as many as ___ horizontal lines on the posterior occiput.

Back 100

three (3)

Front 101

The ___ nuchal line is not always present, but may be located superior to the EOP.

Back 101

highest/supreme

Front 102

The ___ nuchal line is almost always present and runs horizontally on either side of the EOP. This line is the attachment for the ___, ___, and ___ mm.

Back 102

superior

trapezius

splenius capitis

SCM

Front 103

The ___ line extends laterally from the EOC about halfway between the EOP and the foramen magnum. Attachment site for ___ post major/minor mm.

Back 103

inferior nuchal

rectus capitis

Front 104

Inferiorly on the occipital bone are two (2) ___. The condyles are convex and are located on either side of the foramen magnum. The condyles articulate with the superior articular processes of C1 to form the ___ joints.

Back 104

occipital condyles

atlanto-occipital

Front 105

Internally, extending anteriorly from the foramen magnum is the basilar portion of the occipital bone. It articulates with the basilar portion of the sphenoid bone and together they are called the ___.

Back 105

clivus (basi-occiput)

Front 106

Back 106

clivus (basi-occiput) of occipital bone

Front 107

The body of T/S is more ___ shaped and they increase in size as they descend the spine. Also, the bodies are usually a little flattened anteriorly on the left d/t the pulsations of descending aorta.

Back 107

heart

Front 108

Most T/S bodies have four ___, two superior and two inferior, that articulate with the ribs.

Back 108

costal demifacets

Front 109

The ___ costal demifacets of T/S will articulate with the rib of the same number

Back 109

superior

Front 110

The pedicles attach high on the vertebral body so there is usually no ___ associated with the T/S, but there is an extra large ___.

Back 110

superior notch

inferior notch

Front 111

Each TP has an articulation for the rib of the same number called the ___ of the TP.
•The TP of the 4th vertebra articulates with the 4th rib.

Back 111

transverse costal facet or costal facet

Front 112

The T/S costal demifacets are half facets located at the superior and inferior borders of the body. A pair of ___ (inferior and superior) articulate with a single rib

Back 112

costal demifacets

Front 113

___ have both superior and inferior costal demifacets. Other T/S vertebrae are abnormal:

–T1 has a full facet for 1st rib and an inferior demifacet
–T10 can have either a full facet (no articulation with T9), or only a superior demifacet
–T11-T12 only have full costal facets

Back 113

T2-T9

Front 114

The ___ articular facets of thorax face posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally. (PLS)

Back 114

superior

Front 115

Back 115

T/S Superior Articular Process

Front 116

Back 116

T/S Inferior Vertebral Notch

Front 117

Back 117

T/S Mamillary Process

Front 118

Typical ribs are ribs 3-9, and each has a ___, ___, ___ and a ___.

Back 118

head, neck, tubercle and a shaft.

Front 119

The head of each rib will articulate with two vertebral bodies and the IVD between. It, therefore, has a superior and inferior articular facet.

–The inferior articular facet will articulate with the ___ demifacet of the SAME NUMBER vertebra.

Back 119

superior

Front 120

Between the two facets is the ___ of the head. This projects between the two vertebral bodies.

Back 120

crest

Front 121

Back 121

Head of Rib

Front 122

Back 122

Neck of Rib

Front 123

Back 123

Costal Groove of Rib

Front 124

The neck of the rib is located between the head and the tubercle and is an attachment for the ___ and the ___

Back 124

superior costotransverse l.

costotransverse l.

Front 125

The tubercle of the rib is usually located on the posteroinferior margin of the rib. The tubercle articulates with the transverse costal facet of the TP of the ___ number.

Back 125

same

Front 126

The non-articular portion of the tubercle is the attachment site for the ___

Back 126

lateral costotransverse l.

Front 127

The shaft of the rib runs anteriorly and inferiorly. It attaches to the costal cartilage anteriorly and then to the ___.

Back 127

sternum

Front 128

On the anterior inferior surface of the shaft is the ___. This groove shelters the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve.

Back 128

costal groove

Front 129

The first rib is very flat and short. It runs almost completely horizontal. There are markings for muscle attachments and for vascular depressions. It usually only articulates with ___

Back 129

T1.

Front 130

The second rib is almost typical, but it does have a large ___ that serves as an attachment for the serratus anterior muscle.

Back 130

tubercle

Front 131

The 10th rib only has a single ___ because it usually only articulates with T10. As such there is also no crest on the head.

Back 131

facet

Front 132

The lumbar vertebral bodies are rather large and are ___ shaped.
They are also wide left to right, and they are thicker anteriorly (helps maintain lumber ___).

Back 132

floating( fix)

Front 133

??

Back 133

kidney

lordosis

Front 134

L/S There is a small superior vertebral notch, but a very prominent ___ vertebral notch.

Back 134

inferior

Front 135

Each L/S TP has an ___ process.

•The ___ process is found just lateral to the lamina on the root of the TP.
•Serves as an attachment for the longissimus thoracis muscle.

Back 135

accessory

accessory

Front 136

The L/S superior articular facets face ___ & ___

Back 136

posterior and medial

Front 137

Projecting posteriorly off of the superior articular process is the ___ process

•Serves as an attachment for the ___ muscle.

Back 137

mamillary

multifidus lumborum

Front 138

Back 138

Thoracic Superior Costal Facet/ Costal Demifacet

Front 139

Back 139

Thoracic Inferior Costal Facet/ Costal Demifacet

Front 140

Back 140

Thoracic Transverse Process

Front 141

Back 141

Thoracic Superior Articular Process

Front 142

Back 142

Thoracic Inferior Articular Process

Front 143

Back 143

Sacrum: Superior Articular Process

Front 144

Back 144

Sacral Ala

Front 145

Back 145

Auriticular Surface

Front 146

Back 146

Median Sacral Crest

Front 147

Back 147

Lumbar Accessory Process

Front 148

The area between the superior articular process and the inferior articular process is known as the ___.

Back 148

pars interarticularis

Front 149

The Pars interarticularis is commonly fractured, which is known as ___

Back 149

spondylolysis

Front 150

Spondylolysis is associated with ___, which is an anterior displacement of the body, pedicles, TPs, and superior articular processes.

Back 150

spondylolisthesis

Front 151

Back 151

spondylolysis

Front 152

Back 152

Dorsal Sacral Foramen

Front 153

Back 153

Sacral Canal

Front 154

Back 154

Sacral Hiatus

Front 155

The sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae. The base is located ___ and the apex is located ___.

Back 155

superiorly

inferiorly

Front 156

Unique Characteristics of the Sacral Base

There is a superior articular ___ & ___, which articulate with the inferior articular process of L5.

Back 156

process and facet

Front 157

Unique Characteristics of the Sacral Base

The anterosuperior margin of S1 is known as the ___

Back 157

sacral promontory

Front 158

Unique Characteristics of the Sacral Base

Left and right sacral ___, also known as lateral sacral masses. On each ala are found the ___ and the ___, which help form the sacroiliac joints.

Back 158

alae (ala = wing)

auricular surfaces

sacral tuberosities

Front 159

Unique Characteristics of the Sacral Base

The vertebral canal continues through the sacrum, but is now known as the ___

Back 159

sacral canal.

Front 160

Back 160

Cornu(a) of Sacrum

Front 161

There are ___ vertical ridges on the posterior surface of Sacrum.

Back 161

five (5)

Front 162

Sacrum:

___ sacral crest is in the midline and is homologous to spinous processes

Back 162

Median

Front 163

Sacrum:

the ___ sacral crests, which are homologous to transverse processes

Back 163

lateral

Front 164

Sacrum:

Lateral to the median crest are two ___ sacral crests, which are homologous to ___

Back 164

intermediate

articular processes

Front 165

On the ventral and dorsal surfaces there are four pairs of sacral ___

Back 165

foramina

Front 166

The Sacrum

The ___ primary divisions of S1-S4 exit through the posterior sacral foramina

Back 166

posterior

Front 167

The Sacrum

The ___ primary divisions of S1-S4 exit through the anterior sacral foramina

Back 167

anterior

Front 168

The Sacrum

On the dorsal side we also find the sacral ___ at the S5 level, which is the inferior opening of the sacral canal

Back 168

hiatus

Front 169

Back 169

Sacrum: Linea Transversaria

Front 170

Back 170

Sacrum: Sacral Tubercle

Front 171

Sacral Hiatus

The sacral hiatus is a naturally occurring ___ (S5 lamina don’t fuse) located at the inferior end of the median sacral crest.

Back 171

spina bifida

Front 172

Sacral Hiatus

The left and right margins of the hiatus, called the ___, are formed by the inferior tubercles of the intermediate sacral crests.

Back 172

sacral cornua

Front 173

Sacral Hiatus

Exiting the sacral hiatus are the left and right ___ & ___ nerve roots and the ___.

Back 173

S5 & coccygeal nerve roots,

and the filum terminale externum

Front 174

The male sacrum is usually ___ right to left and ___ superior to inferior.

Back 174

narrower

longer

Front 175

The female sacrum is usually ___ right to left, oriented in a more horizontal plane, and is more concave.

–The differences in the female sacrum allow a deeper and wider pelvic cavity, which assists in the fetal delivery process.

Back 175

wider

Front 176

The coccyx Greek for ___ (it supposedly looks like a bird’s beak) is made of 4 fused vertebrae.

Back 176

cuckoo

Front 177

Coccyx

The first segment has right and left __-. Projecting superiorly are the coccygeal cornua.

Back 177

transverse processes

Front 178

The coccyx serves as an attachment site for

Back 178

Front 179

Back 179

Coccygeal Cornu(a)

Front 180

Back 180

Transverse processs of Coccyx