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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Poor Richard's Almanack (Ben Franklin) |
-Published by: Benjamin Franklin -Suggested Pennsylvanians cared more about pocketbooks than their religion -"God gives all things to industry" |
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The Middle Passage |
-Transport and sell across the Atlantic -Slaves, goods, ideas, etc. |
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Olaudah Equiano |
-Published an account of his enslavement -Eventually bought his freedom -Supported the British movement to end the slave trade |
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Unifying Experiences |
-Economic - British colonies had economic roots in agriculture -Decline in religion - People focused on more worldly affairs (Enlightenment) |
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Enlightenment |
-Deism (science and reason) -Encouraged the study of the world -Lead colonial thinkers like Ben Franklin, T. Jefferson to communicate about nature and society |
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The Great Awakening |
-Massachusetts (1730's) -Resulted from powerful preaching -Created distinction between Protestants and Revivalists -Trying to increase emotion |
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George Whitefield |
- Famous Revivalist (in England) - Preached about sin and salvation - Revivals refreshed and awakened spiritual energies - Didn't increase church members though |
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Colonial Politics |
- Unlike France and Spain, Britain kept its doors open to anyone - all 13 colonies answered to the British monarchy - British policies governed trade, military and Diplomatic relations (w/ Indians, Spanish, and French) |
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Ohio Company |
- Formed by Lawrence & Augustine Washington - Hoped for profit in land speculation - French sent soldiers to secure trade routes w/ Indians (they feared that the British were taking them) - George W. sent to warn Frech about trespassing ** leading to 7 Years War |
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George Washington |
- Dealt with the French (Ohio Company) - Appointed head of a military contingent - Only president we have had that had no party affiliation - Peoples votes above anything else - Names: Your highness, hismajesty the president, his high mightiness |
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Seven Years War |
- Resulted from international tensions - French + Indians VS. The Colonies - British won! - Cost of conflict - death, money, revenge - Laid groundwork for Imperial Crisis between British and Americans - Lead to taxes/policies to repay Britain for war debt |
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Fort Duquesne |
- French were waking up, British and French fire at each other - Starts the 7 Years War - Creates Fort Necessity - Took place in undisputed British-French lands |
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Albany plan of Union |
- Goal: Alliance with the Indians - Unified colonial government - President general appointed by British crown - No one was on board - NOT a bid for independence... yet |
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William Pitt |
- British Prime Minister - Influx of money to get rid of French - Devoted to victory over France (7 Years War) |
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Treaty of Paris |
- Essentially ended the 7 Years War - Britain gains Canada - Spain gets all of Frances land west of the Mississippi river |
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Sugar Act |
- Lowered duty on molasses - More attractive for shippers to obey the law - Raised penalties for smuggling - Samuel Adams protests (Boycotts) - Taxation without representation - Lead to anger within the colonies |
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Stamp Act |
- Tax on all paper used for official documents - Required stamp as proof that you paid - designed to raise money to help repay war debt from 7 Years War |
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Virginia Resolves |
- Series of resolutions on the Stamp Act - Patrick Henry 1. Virginians = British citizens 2. They should have the same rights 3. Self Taxation 4. Virginians have already been taxing themselves 5. The Virginian Assembly alone has the only right to tax Virginia |
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Declaratory Act |
- Asserted parliament's rights to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" - Shows the power to tax - one prime case of legislative power - was upheld |
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Townshed Acts |
- Charles Townshend - Taxes stuff that women use - Unintentionally encouraged female patriotism - Daughters of Liberty (quiet) - signed petition to give up tea, unless for illness - home-spun clothing to show patriotism - Sons of Liberty (disruptive) |
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Coercive/ Intolerable Acts |
1. Closes Boston harbour until tea is paid for - halt commercial life of the city 2. Massachusetts government Act - parliament is in control 3. British officials tried in Britain 4. Military commanders can launch soldiers anywhere - Lead to fear in the colonies |
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Thomas Gage |
- British General - Plans surprise attack on ammunition supply in Boston (Powder Alarm) |
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Powder Alarm |
- Showed how ready American's were to take up arms against Britain - Gage sent troops to Boston to find a hidden powder storehouse - Rumours of 6 people shot - Several thousand men marched to Boston, but the rumours cleared to they went home. |
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First Continental Congress |
- First response to Coercive Acts - Sam Adams + Patrick Henry wanted to tell Britain that they aren't the boss of them - Introduced Declaration of Rights - GB says no... those "rights" don't exist - Boycotts: 1st Year: Imports 2nd Year: Exports |
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Lexington and Concord |
- Gage planned a surprise attack on British at Concord - Brits moved west - Brits killed and wounded Americans in Lexington - Continued to Concord - War had begun |
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Second Continental Congress |
1st Act- raise and supply an army (need money) - Continental Army 2nd Act- reconcile with Britain - some don't wanna break apart from Britain - Goal: Fix Everything |
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Olive Branch Petition |
- From the Second Continental Congress - Final attempts at avoiding full on war - Affirms loyalty of Americans - Blames parliament and ministers for all of the problems - George III rejects this - condemns the Americans as both rebells and traitors |
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Thomas Paine |
- Common Sense - Turns Americans opinion against British - Argues for representative government |
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Declaration of independence |
- List of grievances - Natural rights - Discussed slavery - Formally adopted July 4th, 1776 |
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The Home Front |
- Women had to run farms, make business decisions, etc. for men who left for war - Some loyalist men didn't leave |
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Loyalists |
- Afraid that opposing political faction would be turned against them - Regain the alliance of the Americans by "trying to be nice while fighting them" - At first it was purely defensive fighting - Later becomes an armed rebellion to fight for their cause |
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Militias |
- Best suited for local and limited conflicts - Non-trained fighters - Quick to assemble |
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British War Aims |
- Get rid of: continental congress, 13 colonial governments, and second continental congress - To convince people to come home - Betting on loyalists to come help - "Divide and Concur" - First: take over Montreal and Quebec City to show that they have offensive goals |
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Colonel Benedict Arnold |
- Traitor - Tried to surrender West Point, New York - Plan was exposed - Switches sides to British - If he succeeded then the British would have won the Revolutionary War - Made more people loyal about independence |
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General John Burgoyne |
- British army officer, politician and dramatist - Not a lot of optimism in America party because of General John Burgoyne |
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Battle of Oriskany |
- Basically a pre civil war |
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Saratoga |
- Burgoyne attacks first (600 Brits die) - Americans retaliate (600 Brits die ) - Burgoyne surrenders |
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Valley Forge |
- Men die of disease - Men leave - Washington blames citizens for lack of support - food arrived rotten - bedding was too small - etc. |
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French Alliance |
- French waited for America to defeat Britain - Saratoga victory showed that America could win a war - France was the first nation to recognize America as an independent nation - Why help America? - They really hate GB - Want a new trade path to West indies |
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Lord Cornwallis |
- British Commander - Lead charge on the South |
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Yorktown |
- 1781 war is going badly for the British - Cornwallis marches into Yorktown - 5 days battle (french win) - Cornwallis surrenders - Takes 2 years for people to notice that the American won - Treaties: British must leave and repay debts in sterling silver |
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Articles of Confederation |
- Takes 1 year to complete - "loose confederation that consists of a firm league of friendship" - Structure of governance: - No president - No national judiciary branch - Need unanimous approval (hard to get stuff done) - America lost the art of compromise |
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James Madison |
- 4th President of United States
- He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights |
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Constitutions |
- List of what you owe and what you are owed - Sets the rights that you have - Most states limited the power and times that the government serves |
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Republicanism |
- Without consent, the government shouldn't work - Embraced by political writers - Way of thinking of how a leader should be as a person - Public interest over himself |
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Bill of Rights |
- List of limits on governmental power - Restrictive definition of democracy - White male property owners and the right to vote - Women had no privilege, and no rights |
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Suffrage |
- The right to vote, being "free" to vote - except women, and blacks - Pennsylvania is the most democratic state of the time, only needing to pay taxes to vote - You need to own something to pay taxes |
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Disenfranchisement |
- Being excluded from the vote - Don't own property = no vote |
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Traditional British Liberties |
- Entitled to life, liberty and property |
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Slavery in the Early Republic |
- Clear separation between whites and slaves - Some slaves took their masters to court, and some of them won (most did not) |
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Emancipation |
- Being freed from slavery - Gradual emancipation: if you were born after 1780, you were free at 28 years old |
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Bank of North America |
- Paper money = devalued - Stabilizes the countries economy through the production of bank notes |
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Thomas Jefferson |
- Plan for 10 new states - 1st goal: wants to give land away - 2nd goal: a nation of free holders (yeoman farmers) as opposed to renters - Prohibits slavery in the west |
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Ordinance of 1784 |
- Agreed to 10 states, guarantees state- government and eventual statehood - Don't agree on slavery - DID NOT PASS |
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Ordinance of 1785 |
- Calls for a deduction of how many new states - 3 or 5 (instead of 10) - Sell land for $1/ acre - Minimum bid 640 acres |
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Northwest Ordinance |
- 3 stages to statehood 1. Continental congress appoints officials for sparsely populated territory 2. Free male population of voting reached 5 000, elect a legislator and send a voting rep. to congress 3. Pop. reaches 50 000, apply for admission to be a new state THIS IS STILL HOW A TERRITORY BECOMES A STATE |
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The Constitution |
- Document designed to protect our freedom |
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Constitutional Convention |
- Worked in secret - Realize articles of confederation are messed up - Needs to be revised - Come up with a 10 point plan (Virginia plan) |
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Alexander Hamilton |
- Constitutional Convention - Prototype of American Dream (rags to riches) |
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Virginia Plan |
- Gets rid of the principle of confederation of states - 3 branch government system - Problems: doesn't think about small populated states because election is based on population |
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New Jersey Plan |
- One house of legislature - Each state has one vote a piece (fair say) - Right to tax, regulate trade, and use force on government |
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The Great Compromise |
- Saves the constitutional convention |
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3/5 Compromise |
- All free persons plus "3/5 of all other people" (slaves) constituted the numerical base for the appointment of representatives |
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1790's Economy |
- Economic boom - Economy improves because of: - Agriculture boom - Transportation boom - Banking boom - 52 million in debt |
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The First Bank of the United States |
- Modeled after banks in Europe - Owned by state - Funded at 10 million - Madison says that this isn't permitted in the constitution (strict constructionism) - Hamilton says that it is an unwritten rule (loose constructionism) |
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Constructionism |
- How we interpret and understand the constitution - Loose: spirit of the document, can be adapted - (Hamilton + Washington) - Strict: if its not in the constitution, you can't do it - (Madison) |
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French Revolution |
- Everyone is in love with France (except John Adams) - France goes crazy - Washington issues a proclamation to avoid war - America not taking a side pisses off Britain - Britain starts seizing American Investors |
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Jay Treaty |
- Washington send John Jay to create a treaty with Britain - Doesn't get anything done - DIVIDES THE COUNTRY IN HALF |
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Haitian Revolution |
- Equality in liberty should include slaves - French free the slaves - White owners say no... - Revolution: - Violent salve revolts - Points out hypocrisy - Federalist support - Republicans against |
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Republicans |
- Support France - Pro-state rights, low Federal power, pro-slavery - Generally in the South - Madison, Monroe, Jefferson |
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Federalist |
- Support Britain in foreign policy and commercial interests at home - Against slavery - Hamilton, John Jay |
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XYZ Affair |
- France abandons alliance with America - Send pirates - America begins talking about war - Federalists - Adams send 3 men (X, Y, Z) - French wants money to sit down, and money to resolve issues - America repeals all prior treaties with France |
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Alien and Sedation Acts |
- Sedation Act - conspiracy, revolts, or saying anything bad about congress is illegal - Alien Acts (2) 1. Moved from 5-14 years for an alien to become a citizen 2. President can deport an "alien" if they are dangerous - Strongly opposed by republicans |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
- Madison and Jefferson - State legislation says it has the right to say if a law is in the constitution or not - Law can be nullified by state government if it challenges pre-existing liberties - Further check on federal governments power |
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Revolution of 1800 |
- Jefferson elected - Peaceful change of power (Federalist--> Republicans) - Showed the strength of constitutional government |
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Republican Simplicity |
- Jefferson didn’t like the unrestrictedre-election - If America likes their president, they should be able to be re-elected - Problem: this is just like a monarchy - Jefferson sets out to dismantle federalistinnovations - Jefferson reduced national debt - Jefferson also reduced power of federalgovernment |
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Nullification |
- State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional - The theory of nullification has never been legally upheld by federal courts |
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Louisiana Purchase |
- 15 million for New Orleans and all of Louisiana - Jefferson became a loose constructionist to gainhis way because it is an “unwritten rule” in the constitution |
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Lewis and Clark Expedition |
- Established favourable relations with tribes: - Collected valuable information on the peoples, soils, plants, animals, and geography - They inspired a nation of restless explorers and solitary imitators |
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William Clark |
- American explorer, soldier, Indian agent, and territorial governor. |
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Meriwether Lewis |
- American explorer, soldier, politician, and public administrator - Best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition |
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Embargo Act |
- In response to 3 Americans being killed in Chesapeake - Banned ALL British import to the United States - Embargo brings American commerce to a stand still |
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William Henry Harrison |
- Indiana’s territorial governor in 1805 - Negotiated a series of treaties in adivide-and- concour strategy aimed at extracting Indian lands for paltrypayments - 1811- Harrison attacked Prophetstown - Battleof Tippecanoe - Whig |
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Tecumesh |
- Native American leader - Became an ally of Britain in the War of 1812 |
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Battle of Tippecanoe |
- Between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh (1811) - America won |
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Henry Clay |
- American lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives - Leading war hawk in 1812, he favored war with Britain |
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John C. Calhoun |
- American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina - Strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against Britain |
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War Hawks |
- Someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war - Mostly from the West and the South - Proposed an invasion of Canada (didn't work) |
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War of 1812 |
- America declares war on Great Britain - Neither loses land - Leads to Treaty of Ghent - Mutual agreement to give up certain goals - Gave up any claims to Canada - Britains stop giving aid to the Indians |
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Andrew Jackson |
- 7th United States President - Hero of the Battle of New Orleans - Democrat |
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Battle of New Orleans |
- Constituting the final major and most one-sided battle of the War of 1812 |
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Popular Sovereignty |
- The authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power |
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Missouri Compromise |
- Henry Clay - A settlement of a dispute between slave and free states, contained in several laws passed during 1820 and 1821 |
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James Monroe |
- 5th President of the United States |
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Election of 1824 |
- Adams elected President - No one secured a majority vote, the the House of Representatives decided the winner - First election that resulted in the one with the most votes not winning |
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Election of 1828 |
- First national election dominated by scandal andcharacter questions. (like an election of to day) - Jackson won (democratic representatives) - Led to the division of Whigs and Democrats |
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John Quincy Adams |
- National Republican (Whig) - Runner up in Election of 1828 |
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Whigs |
- National Republicans - Moralistic party, topdown - New England States - (1834-1836) |
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Democrats |
- Democratic Republicans - Jackson's party - Contentious party, very energetic - (1834-1836) |
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Martin Van Buren |
- Jackson's secretary of State - "The little magician" |
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Spoils System |
- "To the victor belongs the spoils" - A political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party |
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Indian Removal Act |
- Jackson saw the Indians as a problem - Save them by removing them to West of the Mississippi River - Assimilation would lead to the extinction of their culture - Widespread controversy |
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Trail of Tears |
- 1200 mile journey - ¼ Cherokee people died on the way - Forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) |
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Tariff Abominations |
- Increase the tariff textiles and iron goodsincreases from 32% to 50% |
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Daniel Webster |
- Whig - Tried to get Jackson to lose the election - Convinced bank to apply for charter renewal |
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Robert Fulton |
- Creditedwith developing a commercially successful steamboat - Credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy |
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Steamboats |
- A boat in which the primary method of marine propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheel's |
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Samuel Slater |
- Hebrought British textile technology to America, modifying it for United Statesuse - Knownas “Father of the American Industrial Revolution”designedthe first textile mills |
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Lowell, MA |
- Centralized all aspects of cloth production - 8 mills with 5000 women - Key innovation that separated them from others - Young women wanted to get away from their oppressive family life |
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Second Great Awakening |
- Religious revival - ~1800 - now - Mainly for women - Self discipline - Sin of drinking (temperance) |
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Temperance |
- Eliminate alcohol abuse and eradicate sexual sin - Drinking led to poverty, illness, crime, and family violence - Steep decline in alcohol consumption in middle class |
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Abolition |
- Abolish the sin of slavery - Roots in Great Britain - Not eager to emigrate to Africa because that hasn’t been their home from multiple generations |
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William Lloyd Garrison |
- The Liberator - New England Anti-Slavery Society - Immediate abolition of slavery |
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John Tyler |
- Vice President to Harrison - After Harrison's death, he became the 10th President of the United States - Whig |
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Free-Labor |
- Free person who charges money fro their labor - Hard work, self-resilience, and independence - Permits farmers and artisans to enjoythe products of their own labor, and it also benefited wage workers - Lincoln says, wage-work is the first rung on the ladder toward self-employment andeventually hiring others |
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Abraham Lincoln |
- Lincolns movement westward illustrated the direction of economic change and the opportunities that beckoned enterprising individuals - Self taught individual, desire to work hard and improve himself though free-labor |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
- With Lucretia, led reformers that gathered at Seneca Falls, New York, for the first national women’s rights convention |
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Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments |
- Set an ambitious agenda to demand civil liberties for women and to right the wrongs of society - Calling for women’s suffrage - Succeeded in protecting married women’s rightsand their own wages and property |
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Underground Railroad |
- Anti-slavery sentiment and opposition to white supremacy that unified nearly all African Americans in the North - Ran mainly through black neighbourhoods, blackchurches and black homes |
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Manifest Destiny |
- The attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast - This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico |
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Oregon Trail |
- Large-wheeledwagon route and emigrant trail that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon - Americansand brits decided to share the land equally |
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The Alamo |
- During Texas’ war for independence from Mexico,a group of Texan volunteer soldiers occupied the Alamo - For Texans, the Battle of the Alamo became an enduring symbol of their heroic resistance to oppression and their struggle for independence, which they won later that year |
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James Polk |
- 11thpresident, Election of 1844, Democrat - WhenMexico rejected American annexation of Texas - Polk led the nation to a sweepingvictory in the Mexican–American War |
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Zachary Taylor |
- 12thpresident, Election of 1848, Whig party - His top priority as president was preserving the Union, but he died seventeen months into his term, before making any progresson the status of slavery |
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California Gold Rush |
- A period in American history which began in 1848,when gold was found at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California - The news of gold brought—mostly by sailing shipsand covered wagons—some 300,000 gold-seekers |
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Proslavery Arguments |
- Historical evidence from pre-modern civilizations (Greeks, romans, Hebrews) - Slaves are equal to property - The bible said it was ok, if you interpreted it "correctly" |
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Southern Economy |
- Slavery was the basis of southern economy - Cash crops grew on plantations - Cotton = king of the South plantation crops - Southern Economy is based on AGRICULTURE |
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Nat Turner Rebellion |
- Nat Turner- born a slave - Showed that rebellion was virtual suicide - Created a paranoid atmosphere of slavery in the south |
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Plain Folk/ Poor Whites |
- Vast Majority of South - President Jackson was a “poor white” - Yeoman: small farmers who owned their own land |
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David Wilmot |
- Democratic representative (democrat) - Proposed that all land acquired from Mexico banslavery - Wants to end slavery forever |
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Wilmot Proviso |
- Northerners lined up behind this - Some Northerners also wanted more land for thewhites so they also supported this |
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Free-Soil Party |
- Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men - Free soil: territory in which slavery would be prohibited, b/c they wanted to pre serve the west for free labor |
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Stephen A. Douglas |
- Designerof the Kansas–Nebraska Act - Democrat, lost to Abe Lincoln in 1860 election - Believedin the principle of popular sovereignty: that the majority of citizens shoulddecide contentious issues such as slavery and territorial expansion |
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Compromise of 1850 |
- Preserved the Union and peace for the moment - Some believed is was not a true compromise at all - Barely touched on slavery - The North is stuck with it |
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Fugitive Slave Act |
- Part of the Compromise of 1850 - To seize an alleged slave, a slaveholder simply had to appear before a commissioner and swear that the runaway was his - The Northerners were not happy about this - Violent riots/protests |
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Harriet Beecher Stowe |
- Shecame from a famous religious family and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom'sCabin - Itdepicts the harsh life for African Americans under slavery |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act |
- Dividesthe territory into 2 - It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery withintheir borders - Whigs and Democrats now become sectional partiesonly |
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Republican Party |
- Anti-slavery organization - Attempted to unite all those who opposed the extension of slavery into any territory of the US - Want to make every state free |
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James Buchanan |
- 15th president, Democratic party, Election of 1856 - Buchanan'sefforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to theAmerican Civil War |
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John Brown |
- American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery - believedthat peaceful resistance was shown to be ineffective and that the only way todefeat the oppressive system of slavery was through violent insurrection |
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"Bleeding Sumner" |
- Butler’s cousin, Brook’s, beat Sumner with a cane - Provided the republican party with a potent symbol of the South’s “twisted and violent civilization” |
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Dred Scott v. Sandford |
- The supreme court announced its understanding ofthe meaning of the Constitution regarding slavery in the territories - Courts decision demonstrated that it enjoyed nospecial immunity from the sectional and partisan passions that were convulsedin the land |
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1860 Election |
- Republicans smell victory because the democratsare too divided - Election was like no other, it happened in the midst of the countries severest crisis - Lincoln swept all free states (except New Jersey) |
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Jefferson Davis |
- President of the Confederate States - Wanted to establish the confederates as its own little government - Neededto attain more states to do this - Neitherhim or Lincoln wants war |
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Confederation States of America |
- Originallyformed by seven slave states in the Lower South region of the United Stateswhose regional economy was mostly dependent upon agriculture, particularlycotton, and a plantation system that relied upon the labor of African- Americanslaves - 11 states total |
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Fort Sumter |
- Fired on by a bunch of Confederate - Lincolnresupplied troops but did not do any thing else because he did not want warnoones dies in the bombardment but Lincoln calls up 75,000 militia men to servefor 90 days to put this down |
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Northern Advantages in the Civil War |
- Everything except for the cotton |
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King Cotton Diplomacy |
- Diplomaticmethods employed by the Confederacy during the American Civil War to coerce theUnited Kingdom and France to support the Confederate war effort by implementinga cotton trade embargo against the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe |
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Election of 1864 |
- AbeLincoln (R) vs. McClellan (D) - Lincolnwins in a landslide |
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John Wilkes Booth |
- assassinatedLincoln - Confederate sympathizer, vehement in his denunciation of Lincoln, and was strongly opposed to the abolition of slaveryin the United States |
