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69 Cards in this Set

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Timothy Dwight
(1752-1817) Grandson of Jonathan Edwards; he was president of Yale. He was concerned about deism and liberalism during the war years, so he used chapel service to systematically preach through major doctrines of the church. He brought revival to Yale, 1/3 were deeply affected by this renewal.
Haystack Prayer Meeting
(1806) Eight Williams College students led by Samuel Mills met regularly for prayer in a grove of trees near the campus. One time they got caught in a thunderstorm and took refuge in the lee of a haystack. While there they prayed hard, and each of them felt called to foreign missions service. Historians date the start of the American foreign missionary movement to that prayer meeting
Adoniram Judson
(1788-1850) The first American foreign missionary, he established the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1810). His plan to India was stopped by the War of 1812. He took the advice of William Carey and ministered in Burma for the rest of his career.
Circuit Rider
This Methodist innovation was made necessary in America by the thinly populated ordained clergy. They would establish a circuit of churches that he would regularly visit to preach, serve the Lord's supper, perform weddings and funerals, and care for souls. They often doubled as teachers. This was a dangerous calling, with many not surviving past a decade.
Camp Meeting
The Second Awakening (1790-1810) was marked by camp meetings, a unique strategy of frontier revivalists first employed in Tennessee and Kentucky. Because settlers were scattered over vast tracts of land, yearly or semiannual revivals were held in centralized location. Often transdenominational in nature, the camp meetings attracted numerous revivalists and Christians of different backgrounds. Camp meetings continued into the 20th century in rural areas.
Cane Ridge Revival
(1801) Started by Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. Descriptions abound of individuals, taken by great emotion, falling to the ground, crying aloud in prayer and song, and rising to exhort and assist others in their responses to the moment.
James McGready
(1763-1817) a Scotch-Irish Presbyterian minister during the Second Great Awakening. Pastored in Kentucky. In 1800, he developed a new method of evangelism, the camp meeting, that suited the scattered settlers in that region. He presided over the Cane Ridge revival that attracted 20,000 visitors. A new era has begun.
Falling Exercise
later known as "slain in the spirit". Preacher would preach about sin and repentence, and a wave would come and knock half the people down, and some went unconscious. (not a pentecostal origin) David Brainerd also experienced this preaching to Native Indians.
Nat Turner
(1800-1831) A Virginia black lay preacher who lead the Slave Revolt of 1831. 57 whites killed. He had a "vision" and interpret it as God wanting him to lead a liberation (revolt). He was tried and hung. It led to restrictions for slaves to gather for any purpose.
Scotch-Irish
Following the advice of pioneer explorer and guide Daniel Boone, a group of Scots-Irish Presbyterians from North Carolina settled in the area in 1790. At the same time that they were building homes and establishing livelihoods. Later this group started the Cane Ridge Revival.
Joseph Smith
(1805-1843) founder and prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. In the late 1820s, Smith announced that an angel had given him a book of golden plates engraved with a religious chronicle of ancient American peoples in an unknown language. He also said he had received a pair of seer stones in which he could see the translation, which he published in 1830 as the Book of Mormon. On the basis of this book and other revelations, he founded a church in western New York, claiming it to be a restoration of primitive Christianity. They embraced the doctrines of "celestial marriage", "multiple marriage", and "progress towards godlikeness". He was killed by a mob of vigilantes.
Mormon
The book of Mormon, translated by Joseph Smith in the 1820's, tells the story of the prophet–warrior Mormon and his son Moroni, the last of his Nephite people. Mormon wrote the history and hid it in New York, where Smith claimed to discover them.
Moroni
said to be the same person as a Book of Mormon prophet-warrior named Moroni, who was the last to write in the golden plates. The book says that Moroni buried them before he died after a great battle between two pre-Columbian civilizations. After he died, he was resurrected, became an angel, and was tasked with guarding the golden plates, and with eventually directing Joseph Smith to their location in the 1820s. According to Latter Day Saint movement theology, Moroni still has the plates and several other Book of Mormon artifacts in his possession.
ill Nauvoo
The Mormons moved to Nauvoo, Ill. (1839) Growth- rapidly in Nauvoo, became the largest city of that state. Smith was honored to be a city planner.
Brigham Young
(1801-1877) He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death and was the founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.
Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre.
"American Moses," who lead his people on foot to Utah
William Miller
(1782-1849) a baptist who tried to predict the 2nd coming of Christ, from scriptures in Daniel and Revelation. Obviously he failed... 3 times. His excuse was that the Lord changed his mind. His followers were called Millerites.
Ellen White
(1827-1915) – had a vision that a group marched toward the heavens. Converted under the preaching of Miller. Split and formed 7th Day Adventists. New focus: the Old Testament Law, with Sabbath (Saturday) meetings, and eating vegetables. They are a healthy group.
Charles T. Russell
(1852-1916) Founded Zion's Watchtower Society,1872, in Pittsburgh, PA – booklet that came out quarterly. It gave signs in prophesy for the Lord’s return.
Millennial Dawnists
another name for Jehovahs Witness, Russellites. Believe we are living in the last days.
The world will soon be destroyed at Armageddon, and God will choose who will survive.
Kingdom Hall
Jehovahs Witness's names for their meeting places, very simple.
Charles Finney
(1792-1875) was a Presbyterian revivalist in the Second Great Awakening. His influence during this period was enough that he has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.
Finney was known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings such as having women pray in public meetings of mixed gender, development of the "anxious seat". He rejected Calvinism and embraced a hybrid Arminian theology.
Strongly involved in the Abolition Movement.
Oberlin College
(Founded in 1833 by John Shepherd) Finney was a professor of theology here in 1835, then became president from 1851-1865.
The first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students. It advocated the Abolition Movement.
Later on, Oberlin became liberal and famous for a music conservatory.
Anxious Bench
(or mourner's bench) Finney's innovation: a place where those considering becoming Christians could come to receive prayer in 19th century revivalism. An area in the front of the church, tent, or auditorium where people in distress of their souls could gather and be exhorted.
Dwight Moody
(1837-1899) Great American Evangelist, larger than life character. He reached out to poor kids, was a chaplin in the Civil War, and went on revival tours with Sankey in 1873-75. Then led American revival from 1875-1881.
His innovation in mass evangelism was the use of publicity to get the city ready, pastor's endorsements, and using lay workers.
Phoebe Palmer
(December 17, 1807 – November 2, 1874) was an evangelist and writer who promoted the doctrine of Christian perfection. She is considered one of the founders of the Holiness movement in the United States
John Nelson Darby
(18 November 1800 – 29 April 1882) was an Anglo-Irish evangelist, and an influential figure among the original Plymouth Brethren. He is considered to be the father of modern Dispensationalism. He produced a translation of the Bible based on the Hebrew and Greek texts called The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation from the Original Languages by J. N. Darby.
Plymouth Brethren
a conservative, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s.
The title, "The Brethren," is one that many of their number are comfortable with, in that the Bible designates all believers as "brethren."
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882) Came up with the theory of Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Speciation, and wrote "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.
He picked up an ancient idea that life evolves from simple forms to great complexity over vast eons of time. He circled the globe on the HMS Beagle collecting specimens and insights. It was seen as anti-Christian due to its contradiction with the Genesis account.
H.M.S. Beagle
Darwin went on this 5 year voyage around the world. He discovered giant fossils, sea shells in the Andes, earthquake in Chile, and finches in Galapagos Island.
Natural Selection
Nature picks the strong species that will survive.
the process by which certain heritable traits—those that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce —become more common in a population over successive generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
On the Origin of Species
1859, written by Darwin on the topic of Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, and Speciation.
The Descent of Man
published in 1871. It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, following his 1859 work, On The Origin of Species. In The Descent of Man, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection.
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) an atheist psychoanalyst, developed Freudian Psychology- said in his book, The Future of an Illusion, that religion is an illusion, from our projection of the perfect father, and should rid it. He was extremely influential in his concepts of the unconscious mind, infantile sexuality and the nature of dreams.
Formgeschichte
(Form Criticism) was introduced by the Old Testament scholar H. Gunkel (1862-1932), and applied to New Testament studies. analysis of textual structure; and the study of sources
Hermann Reimarus
(1694-1768)German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment who is remembered for his Deism, the doctrine that human reason can arrive at a knowledge of God and ethics from a study of nature and our own internal reality, thus eliminating the need for religions based on revelation. He denied the reality of miracles and is credited by some with initiating historians' investigation of the historical Jesus.
Lower Criticism
Detecting the accuracy of a Biblical text. Are there textual errors?
Textual Criticism
(lower criticism) investigates the history of text. It compares manuscripts and see which is older. It dates back to Origen's Hexapla in the 3rd c. It developed dramatically with humanism in the 14th c. with Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus in the 15th c.
Higher Criticism
Subcategory of biblical criticism that deals with the historical facts of authorship, date, and place of composition of the original text.
Detecting the genuineness of a Bible teaching. Are the stories to be taken literally? It began in the 19th c and was popularized by Wellhausen.
Julius Wellhausen
(1844-1918) a professor of OT in Germany. He was an influential higher critic. His book "History of Israel" introduced the Documentary Hypothesis in the Pentateuch. Four sources of the Pentateuch: JEDP.
Uniformitarianism
1. There are uniform laws that govern physical, social and cultural development
2. A modern "primitive" culture can give insight into an ancient
"primitive" culture
3. Religion evolves from primitive to complex forms
Horace Bushnell
(1802-1876) American theologian who established the basis for religious liberalism.
Father of the liberal movement.
Graduated from Yale.
he stressed the moral theory of the atonement.
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism as a movement arose in the United States, starting among conservative Presbyterian academics and theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary in early 1900's.
It soon spread to conservatives among the Baptists and other denominations during and immediately following the First World War. The movement's purpose was to reaffirm orthodox Protestant Christianity and zealously defend it against the challenges of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, and other movements which it regarded as harmful to Christianity
Charles Hodge
(1797-1878) was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. He is considered to be one of the greatest defenders of historical Calvinism in 19th century. Best known for his "Systematic Theology", and advocacy for the inerrancy of Scripture which was crucial in the fundamentalist movement.
The Fundamentals
a collection of twelve books on five subjects published in 1910. the "five fundamentals"

The inspiration of the Bible by the Holy Spirit and the inerrancy of Scripture as a result of this.
The virgin birth of Christ.
The belief that Christ's death was the atonement for sin.
The bodily resurrection of Christ.
The historical reality of Christ's miracles.
By the late 1910s, theological conservatives rallying around the Five Fundamentals came to be known as "fundamentalists."
Niagara Bible Conferences
(1883–1897) Annual summer prophetic conferences held in Niagara-on-the-Lake. It promoted premillennial and dispensationsal theology which defined those things that were fundamental to Christian belief
Reinhold Niebuhr
(1892-1971) a neo-orthodox american theologian and Christian ethicist. He criticized modern liberalism as unable to address the ethical issues raised by modern industrial society. He takes individual sin and corporate evil seriously. We must work through democratic process to rid evil in society.
Richard Niebuhr
(1894-1962) younger brother of Reinhold, Ethics professor at Yale. He addresses the role of church in society. He is influenced by Barth. To Richard, God is unchanging and absolutely transcendent, and as creator, makes ethical demands on humanity. We change our views on God based on our culture.
Neo-Evangelical
(1950's) term coined by Ockenga to describe an emerging movement in American Protestantism. It wanted to be rooted in Protestant Orthodoxy while at the same time promoting an openness to dialogue with liberal and neo-orthodox theologians, as well as a renewed social and political awareness and concern for the poor and disadvantaged. It moves away from militant fundamentalism. Key to this movement was the founding of Fuller in Pasadena, with Ockenga as first president.
Scientific Humanism
(Secular Humanism) a secular philosophy that espouses reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects supernatural and religious dogma as the basis of morality and decision-making. Secular Humanism is a life stance that focuses on the way human beings can lead good, happy and functional lives.
The Future of an Illusion
(1927) Freud argued that religion was rooted in childish defense mechanism brought on by the realization that parents were fallible and mortal. Wanting to reclaim that lost security, he reasoned that the infantile mind projects a heavenly father upon the universe who is eternal, powerful and good. He said all religions share basic key elements.
Humanist Manifesto
(1933) The 20th c American movement known as scientific humanism formally outlined its view here. Significantly influenced by John Dewey, this document signed by over 30 leading scientists, educators, and philosophers, was a call to establish a secular religion that would place faith in scientific methods, not God.
Charles Parham
(1873-1929) The founder of American Pentecostalism, he began ministry with the Methodist Episcopal Church and soon embraced holiness doctrine and became a revivalist. He founded the Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas. In 1901, his student Agnes Ozman both spoke in tongues and affirmed that gift was the key indicator of baptism of the Holy Spirit. His influence faded following charges of sexual misconduct and vocal advocacy of "British Israelism".
Bethel Bible College
Parham founded the Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas, in 1901, where Agnes spoke in tongues. Then the school was moved to Texas, where Seymour was a student.
Azusa Street Mission
(1906) The site of the greatest revival in modern Pentecostal history, an abandoned warehouse used as a stable in downtown LA, later called the Apostolic Faith Mission, became focal point of the movement in 1906-09. Seymour was holding service in a residence on Bonnie Brae Street when speaking in tongues began. Soon the fellowship moved to 312 Azusa Street.
William Seymour
(1870-1922) Leading revivalist of the Azusa Street Revival and pastor of the Apostolic Faith Gospel Mission in LA, where the charismatic revival began in 1906, lasting 1000 days with at least 3 meetings a day.
He rose from being the son of slaves to become one of the most influential preacher in the Pentecostal movement. He studied under Praham at Bethal Bible School.
Charles A Briggs
(1841-1913) a Presby OT professor. He denied the "Authority of Holy Scripture", and deny the inspiratioin of the Bible. The GA labeled him a heretic. He avoided the trial by becoming Episcopalian. His known work is A Hebrew of English Lexicon of the Old Testament
Walter Rauschenbusch
(1861-1918) leading theologian of the Social Gospel in America. he is a German Baptist pastor in Hell's Kitchen. He felt piety alone cannot help social crisis. It led him to develop the social gospel based on Jesus' lifestyle in the NT. He has a higher critical view of the bible that gets him into trouble with conservatives.
Social Gospel
1900's. a movement among progressive Protestants to view the gospel in broader terms. It incorporates the principles of justice, love and example of Christ meeting the social needs of people. Main advocator was Rauschenbusch who ministered to poor immigrant families. This movement had a profound impact on many mainline denominations.
Gresham Machen
(1881-1937) a professor at Princeton who led the conservatives to revolt against modernism/liberalism. In 1929 he broke with Princeton and helped form Westminister Theological Seminary.
B.B. Warfield
1851-1921. A Princeton Seminary Professor who was an influential writer in defense of orthodoxy, and became a leading apologist in America. For 20 years he edited the Princeton Review. He was renowned for his strict Calvinism and scholarly defense of biblical inerrancy.
Scopes Trial
1925 Monkey Trial. John Scope, a HS teacher was teaching Darwinian evolution, which was against state law. ACLU funded the trial and hired defense attorney Clearance Darrow. The Fundamentalists had William Jennings Byran. Even though Scope lost, the public turned against Fundamentalism.
Orthodox Presbyteria
??
Karl Barth
1886-1968. Author of monumental "Church Dogmatics" a Protestant Systematic Theology. He stressed on key themes of the Reformation. He broke off with his former liberal training due to the horrors of WWI. During the WWII he opposed the Nazi movement and guided the Confessing Church in Germany in writing the Barmen Declaration. He rejected Natural theology, saying only God can reveal by the HS. He influenced Bonhoeffer and Neibuhr.
Emil Brunner
1889-1966. Along with Barth a key architect in the development of neo-orthodoxy, making a break with liberalism in the early 1920's. Brunner disagreed with Barth on the subject of Natural Theology. Brunner said that created order helps us understand God better.
Humanist Manifesto
(1933) The 20th c American movement known as scientific humanism formally outlined its view here. Significantly influenced by John Dewey, this document signed by over 30 leading scientists, educators, and philosophers, was a call to establish a secular religion that would place faith in scientific methods, not God.
Charles Parham
(1873-1929) The founder of American Pentecostalism, he began ministry with the Methodist Episcopal Church and soon embraced holiness doctrine and became a revivalist. He founded the Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas. In 1901, his student Agnes Ozman both spoke in tongues and affirmed that gift was the key indicator of baptism of the Holy Spirit. His influence faded following charges of sexual misconduct and vocal advocacy of "British Israelism".
Bethel Bible College
Parham founded the Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas, in 1901, where Agnes spoke in tongues. Then the school was moved to Texas, where Seymour was a student.
Azusa Street Mission
(1906) The site of the greatest revival in modern Pentecostal history, an abandoned warehouse used as a stable in downtown LA, later called the Apostolic Faith Mission, became focal point of the movement in 1906-09. Seymour was holding service in a residence on Bonnie Brae Street when speaking in tongues began. Soon the fellowship moved to 312 Azusa Street.
William Seymour
(1870-1922) Leading revivalist of the Azusa Street Revival and pastor of the Apostolic Faith Gospel Mission in LA, where the charismatic revival began in 1906, lasting 1000 days with at least 3 meetings a day.
He rose from being the son of slaves to become one of the most influential preacher in the Pentecostal movement. He studied under Praham at Bethal Bible School.