Alterations Of Fluids And Electrolytes

Front 1

What are five common causes of hypokalemia?

Back 1

1) Diarrhea
2) Diuresis associated with certain diuretic drugs
3) Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body
4) Decreased dietary intake
5) Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin

Front 2

What are five common causes of hyperkalemia?

Back 2

1) Renal failure
2) Deficit of aldosterone
3) Use of “potassium-sparing” diuretic drugs
4) Leakage of intracellular potassium into the ECF in patients with extensive tissue damage such as crush injuries or burns
5) Displace of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis

Front 3

What metabolic dysfunctions occur with hyperkalemia?

Back 3

?

Front 4

What metabolic dysfunctions occur with hypokalemia?

Back 4

?

Front 5

What are the 4 main causes of hypercalcemia?

Back 5

* Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from the bones caused by neoplasms
* Hyperparathyroidism
* Immobility
* Increased intake of calcium caused by either excessive vitamin D or excess dietary calcium

Front 6

What are six causes of hypocalcemia?

Back 6

* Hypoparathyroidism
* Malabsorption
* Deficient serum albumin
* Increased serum pH
* Lack of vitamin D
* Chronic renal failure

Front 7

What are four signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Back 7

* Depressed neuromuscular activity: muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, lethargy, and stupor
* Anorexia and nausea
* Interference with ADH in the kidneys, resulting in less absorption of water; polyuria
* Cardiac arrhythmias

Front 8

What are six signs/symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Back 8

* Increased neuromuscular stimulation
* Muscle spasm
* Chvostek sign
* Trousseau sign
* Arrhythmias
* Intestinal cramping

Front 9

What is Chvostek sign?

Back 9

An indication of latent tetany in which a unilateral spasm of the oris muscle is initiated by a slight tap over the facial nerve anterior to the external auditory canal

Front 10

What is Trousseau sign?

Back 10

Compression of the forearm in subjects having undue neuromuscular excitability due to hypocalcaemia produces spasm in the hand and wrist

Front 11

What are four causes of hyperphosphatemia?

Back 11

*Renal failure
*Cancer therapy
*Hypoparathyroidism
*Laxatives or enemas containing phosphates

Front 12

What are the four main causes of hypophosphatemia?

Back 12

* Malabsorption syndromes
* Diarrhea
* Excessive use of antacids
* Hyperparathyroidism

Front 13

What are three signs/symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

Back 13

* Impaired neurological function: tremors, weak reflexes, paresthesia, confusion, stupor
* Anorexia
* Dysphagia

Front 14

What are three signs/symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

Back 14

* Impaired neurological function: tremors, weak reflexes, paresthesia, confusion, stupor
* Anorexia
* Dysphagia

Front 15

What are three causes of hypermagnesemia?

Back 15

* Renal failure
* Excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids
* Adrenal insufficiency

Front 16

What are five causes of hypomagnesemia?

Back 16

* Malabsorption
* Malnutrition
* Alcoholism
* Overuse of loop diuretics
* Renal tubular dysfunction

Front 17

What are two signs/symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

Back 17

* Depresses neuromuscular function: decreased reflexes, lethargy, and cardiac arrhythmias
* Nausea and vomiting

Front 18

What are five symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

Back 18

* Neuromuscular hyperirritability
* Insomia
* Personality changes
* Increased heart rate
* Arrhythmia

Front 19

What is the most significant effect of serum potassium alterations?

Back 19

cardiac arrhythmias

Front 20

What is the normal pH range for humans?

Back 20

7.34 to 7.45

Front 21

What does pH stand for?

Back 21

power of Hydrogen

Front 22

What two types of chemicals does the body produce that give it a tendency towards acidosis?

Back 22

* Volatile – eliminated as CO2 gas via lungs and includes carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbonic acid (H2CO3)
* Nonvolatile – eliminated by the kidneys and includes metabolic acids such as lactic acid, ketoacids, sulfates, and phosphates

Front 23

What is Metabolic acidosis?

Back 23

an increase in noncarbonic acids or a decrease in bicarbonate

Front 24

What are four primary causes of metabolic acidosis?

Back 24

Shock
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Renal failure
Diarrhea

Front 25

What are Kussmaul respirations?

Back 25

deep and rapid respirations

Front 26

What is Metabolic alkalosis?

Back 26

Metabolic alkalosis is an excessive loss of metabolic acid and an increase in bicarbonate

Front 27

What are the primary causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Back 27

Vomiting
Hyperaldosteronism
Diuretics
Excessive antacid intake

Front 28

What is Respiratory acidosis?

Back 28

an increase in hydrogen ions that results from an increase in carbon dioxide levels (acid)

Front 29

What are the primary causes of respiratory acidosis?

Back 29

Decreased ventilation (inadequate respirations), which can be caused by sedative overdose, diseases of the central nervous system, respiratory muscle weakness, or airway obstruction

Front 30

What are the primary causes of respiratory alkadosis?

Back 30

Hyperventilation, which can be caused by hypoxemia, hypermetabolic states, salicylate overdose, anxiety, hepatic cirrhosis, sepsis

Front 31

What fraction of total body water (TBW) volume is contained in the intracellular space?

Back 31

2/3

Front 32

Which electrolyte is found in the highest concentrations in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Back 32

Potassium (K+)

Front 33

Which electrolyte disturbance is manifested by muscle spasms and by what mechanism?

Back 33

Muscle spasms occur with *hypocalcemia* because low calcium levels increase membrane permeability to sodium in excitable cells. Increased sodium influx causes neuromuscular excitability

Front 34

If an individual has a fully compensated metabolic acidosis, the person's pH is:

Back 34

normal

Front 35

How does the hydrogen ion relate to pH?

Back 35

Hydrogen ions are positive, so they lower pH

Front 36

How does body fluid move between ICF and ECF compartments?

Back 36

through osmotic forces regulated by K+ in the ICF and Na+ in the ECF

Front 37

How does fluid move between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

Back 37

changes in:
hydrostatic pressure-->pushes H2O
osmotic forces-->pulls H2O
at the arterial and venous ends of the capillary

Front 38

What is “net filtration”?

Back 38

force favoring filtration minus the force opposing filtration

Front 39

What is Starling's hypothesis?

Back 39

net filtration=force favoring filtration-force opposing filtration

Front 40

How is net filtration acheived?

Back 40

?

Front 41

What four forces favor the movement of fluid into edemic tissue?

Back 41

*increased hydrostatic pressure
*lowered plasma oncotic pressure
*increased membrane permeability
*lymphatic channel obstruction

Front 42

When lymphatic channels are blocked or removed, _________ may develop.

Back 42

lymphedema

Front 43

Water balance is regulated primarily by _____, and sodium by ______.

Back 43

ADH; aldosterone

Front 44

What is the neural mechanism of the perception of thirst?

Back 44

dry mouth, hyperosmolality, and plasma volume depletion activate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which then cause thirst

Front 45

What hormone is Responsible for water conservation?

Back 45

ADH

Front 46

What hormone is responsible for sodium and potassium regulation?

Back 46

aldosterone

Front 47

What hormones are responsible for stimulating water and sodium excretion?

Back 47

Natriuretic Hormones

Front 48

How does ADH maintain water balance in the body?

Back 48

ADH is manufactured in the hypothalamus of the brain and stored in the posterior section of the pituitary gland. Its release is regulated by osmoreceptors that sense when the body fluids vary one way or another from an isotonic state.

Front 49

How does aldosterone regulate potassium?

Back 49

increased levels of aldosterone result in sodium conservation and potassium excretion, while low aldosterone levels result in potassium conservation and sodium excretion

Front 50

How does aldosterone regulate sodium?

Back 50

Serum aldosterone will rise if the serum sodium concentration drops or if the vascular compartment looses volume or pressure

Front 51

What are some signs/symptoms of hypernatremic volume depletion?

Back 51

* Weight loss
* Weak pulses
* Increased heart rate
* Postural hypotension
* Excessive urination

Front 52

What causes hypernatremic volume excess?

Back 52

Excessive intake of sodium compared to water

Front 53

What are the signs/symptoms of hypernatremic volume excess?

Back 53

* Weakness
* Agitation
* Firm subcutaneous tissue
* Increased thirst
* Edema
* Elevated BP

Front 54

Name three primary functions of potassium

Back 54

regulate ICF osmolalitymaintain resting membrane potential
deposit glycerin in liver and skeletal muscle cells

Front 55

Name five functions that rely on calcium ions

Back 55

structure of bones and teeth
bood clotting
hormone secretion
cell receptors
membrane stability

Front 56

Waht are the two primary functions of phosphate ion?

Back 56

acts as a buffer in acid-base regulation
provides energy in muscle contraction

Front 57

What major intracellular cation is regulated by PTH?

Back 57

magnesium