Airport And Airways Finals

Front 1

is a standard path followed by aircraft when taking off or landing, while maintaining visual contact with the airfield.

Back 1

Airfield traffic pattern

Front 2

is a defined corridor that connects one specified location to another at a specified altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the airway may be flown.

Back 2

Airway or air route

Front 3

are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellite navigation systems, or between ground-based radio transmitter navigational aids(navaids) (such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.

Back 3

Airways

Front 4

Is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways with aprons, hangars, terminals and other facilities.

Back 4

Taxiway

Front 5

They mostly have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller general aviation airports sometimes use gravel or grass.

Back 5

Taxiway

Front 6

Typical taxi speeds are

Back 6

20-30 knots (37-56 km/h; 23-35 mph).

Front 7

Taxiway Markings

Back 7

1. Normal centerline

2. Enhanced centerline

3. Taxiway Edge markings

4. Taxi shoulder markings

5. SURFACE PAINTED TAXIWAY DIRECTION SIGNS

6. SURFACE PAINTED LOCATION SIGNS

7. GEOGRAPHIC POSITION MARKINGS

8. RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS

9. HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS FOR INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)

10. HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS FOR TAXIWAY/TAXIWAY INTERSECTIONS

11. SURFACE PAINTED HOLDING POSITION SIGNS

Front 8

A single continuous yellow line, 15 centimeters (6 in) to 30 centimeters (12 in) in width.

Back 8

NORMAL CENTERLINE

Front 9

consists of a parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the taxiway centerline.

Back 9

ENHANCED CENTERLINE

Front 10

are enhanced for 150 feet (46 m) before a runway holding position marking.

Back 10

Enhanced centerline

Front 11

Used to define the edge of the taxiway when the edge does not correspond with the edge of the pavement.

Back 11

TAXIWAY EDGE MARKING

Front 12

Taxiways, holding bays, and aprons are sometimes provided with paved shoulders to prevent blast and water erosion.

Back 12

TAXI SHOULDER MARKINGS

Front 13

Shoulders are not intended for use by aircraft, and may be unable to carry the aircraft load.

Back 13

Taxi shoulder markings

Front 14

are yellow lines perpendicular to the taxiway edge, from taxiway edge to pavement edge, about 3 meters.

Back 14

Taxi shoulder markings

Front 15

are yellow lines perpendicular to the taxiway edge, from taxiway edge to pavement edge, about 3 meters.

Back 15

Taxiway shoulder markings

Front 16

Yellow background with a black inscription, provided when it is not possible to provide taxiway direction signs at intersections, or when necessary to supplement such signs.

Back 16

SURFACE PAINTED TAXIWAY DIRECTION SIGNS

Front 17

These markings are located on either side of the taxiway

Back 17

Surface painted taxiway direction signs

Front 18

Black background with a yellow inscription and yellow and black border.

Back 18

SURFACE PAINTED LOCATION SIGNS

Front 19

Where necessary, these markings supplement location signs located alongside the taxiway and assist the pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway on which the aircraft is located. These markings are located on the right side of the centerline.

Back 19

Surface painted location signs

Front 20

These markings are located at points along low visibility taxi routes (when Runway visual range is below 1200 feet (370 m)

Back 20

Geographic position markings

Front 21

They are positioned to the left of the taxiway centerline in the direction of taxiing. Black inscription centered on pink circle with black inner and white outer ring.

Back 21

Geographic position markings

Front 22

These show where an aircraft should stop when approaching a runway from a taxiway.

Back 22

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS

Front 23

They consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed, spaced six or twelve inches (15 or 30 cm) apart, and extending across the width of the taxiway or runway.

Back 23

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS

Front 24

There are three locations where runway holding position markings are encountered:

Back 24

1. Runway holding position markings on taxiways

2. runway holding position markings on runways

3. taxiways located in runway approach areas.

Front 25

These consist of two yellow solid lines spaced two feet (60 cm) apart connected by pairs of solid lines spaced ten feet (3 meters) apart extending across the width of the taxiway.

Back 25

HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS FOR INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)

Front 26

These consist of a single dashed line extending across the width of the taxiway.

Back 26

HOLDING POSITION MARKINGS FOR TAXIWAY/TAXIWAY INTERSECTIONS

Front 27

Red background signs with a white inscription to supplement the signs located at the holding position.

Back 27

SURFACE PAINTED HOLDING POSITION SIGNS

Front 28

The taxiways are given alphanumeric identification. These taxiway IDs are shown on

Back 28

black and yellow signboards along the taxiways.

Front 29

There are two classes of signage at airports

Back 29

1. Operational guidance signs

2. Mandatory instruction signs

Front 30

Types of operational guidance signs

Back 30

1. Location signs

2. Direction/Runway exit signs

3. Stop Bar signs

Front 31

yellow on black background. Identifies the runway or taxiway the aircraft is currently on or is entering.

Back 31

Location signs

Front 32

black on yellow. Identifies the intersecting taxiways the aircraft is approaching, with an arrow indicating the direction to turn.

Back 32

Direction/Runway exit signs

Front 33

white on blue background. The designation consists of the letter S followed by designation of the taxiway on which the Stop Bar is positioned. This sign is not standard.

Back 33

Stop bar signs

Front 34

are white on red. They show entrances to runways or critical areas.

Back 34

Mandatory instruction signs

Front 35

Vehicles and aircraft are required to stop at these signs until the control tower gives clearance to proceed.

Back 35

Mandatory instruction signs

Front 36

Types of Mandatory instruction signs

Back 36

1. Runway signs

2. Frequency change signs

3. Holding position signs

Front 37

White text on a red background. These signs identify a runway intersection ahead, e.g. runway 12-30 in the photo above.

Back 37

Runway signs

Front 38

Usually a stop sign and an instruction to change to another frequency. These signs are used at airports with different areas of ground control.

Back 38

Frequency change signs

Front 39

A single solid yellow bar across a taxiway indicates a position where ground control may require a stop.

Back 39

Holding position signs

Front 40

If two solid yellow bars and two dashed yellow bars are encountered, this indicates

Back 40

a holding position for a runway intersection ahead

Front 41

Taxiway lights

Back 41

1. Taxiway edge lights

2. Taxiway centerline lights

3. Clearance Bar lights

4. Runway guard lights

5. Stop Bar lights

Front 42

used to outline the edges of taxiways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These fixtures are elevated and emit blue light.

Back 42

Taxiway edge lights

Front 43

They are steady burning and emit green light located along the taxiway centerline

Back 43

Taxiway centerline lights

Front 44

Three in-pavement steady-burning yellow lights installed at holding positions on taxiways

Back 44

Clearance bar lights

Front 45

Either a pair of elevated flashing yellow lights installed on either side of the taxiway

Back 45

Runway guard lights

Front 46

a row of in-pavement yellow lights installed across the entire taxiway, at the runway holding position marking at taxiway/runway intersections.

Back 46

Runway guard lights

Front 47

A row of red, unidirectional, steady-burning in-pavement lights installed across the entire taxiway at the runway holding position, and elevated steady-burning red lights on each side used in low visibility conditions (below 1,200 ft RVR).

Back 47

Stop Bar lights

Front 48

Taxiway edge lights are spaced ____ apart.

Back 48

75 feet