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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
blank refers to the breakdown of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct.
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Social disorganization (location, location, location) |
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Which terms refers to Emile Durkheim can refer to normalness? |
Anomie |
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blank exists in small isolated, and self-sufficient pre-state societies in which individuals share values and emotional ties. |
Mechanical Solidarity |
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According to Merton’s strain theory a youth who responds to difficulties in school by blank has engaged in conformity.
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Studying harder to boost grades
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The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States is Human ecology theory which was known as the blank school. |
Chicago |
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According to Messner and Rosenfeld what is the answer to the high crime rate in the United States? |
Decommodification |
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Which theory is Robert Agnew associated? |
General Strain Theory (General Agnew) |
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Cloward and Ohlin individuals who are born into an established and organized and delinquent subcultures join what kind of gang? |
Criminal |
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According to Cohen difficulty adjusting to middle class measuring rods can lead to blank. |
Status frustration |
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Identify the theorists known for identifying barriers for legitimate success and there are also barriers for illegitimate success. |
Cloward & Ohlin |
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Identify the theorist known for suggesting that crime is a normal and inevitable social phenomenon. |
Durkheim (Normal <-> Anomie) |
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A high school student steals money from a classmate’s locker how would strain theory account for this crime? |
The offender engaged in innovation to reach a legitimate goal through illegitimate means. |
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Mark which of the following that serve as functions within gangs for many of its members. |
Friendship groups |
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Which mode of adaption is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of obtaining them? |
Retreatism |
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Which of Miller’s focal concerns means personal freedom? |
Autonomy |
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The blank perspective views society as a system of mutually sustaining parts characterized by broad normative consensus. |
consensus |
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Which of the following is the most common mode of adaption? |
Conformity |
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Affluent neighborhoods possess blank collective efficacy.
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(A)strong |
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Inadequate socialization will result in the blank response whereby the conflict and frustration are eliminated by relinquishing the institutional means and retaining the success aspiration. |
innovation |
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Sanchez-Jankowski defines gangs as what?
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Seeking economic success within the confines of limited opportunities.
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blank (who) defined the concept of operant psychology to differential association theory. |
Ron (McDonald operator) Akers |
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blank argues that individual behavior is shaped through the process of reinforcement and/or punishment. |
Social learning theory (shaped learn-ding) |
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Frank Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling a person criminal as what? |
Dramatization of evil |
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Offender arrests for shoplifting states that the store is owned by huge company and they wouldn’t have noticed? |
Denial of injury |
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An offender arrested for assault said I had to do it, he was threatening my little sister & I had to protect her is an example of what? |
Appeal to higher loyalty
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blank shifts focus from the actor to the reactor in exploring the causes of crime. |
Labeling theory (start the reactor) |
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According to Lemur blank deviance is the initial non-conforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities. |
primary |
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According to lemur blank deviance is deviance that results from how other react to them. |
secondary |
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Which of the following theorists is associated with labeling theory? |
Frank Tannenbaum
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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, most criminals |
Lacks patience, persistence and diligence |
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Which theory argues that an individual’s propensity for crime comes from incompetent parenting and tends to persist thereafter? |
Self-control theory (bad childhood = criminal) |
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What groups of theories does feminist theory fall under? |
Political conflict |
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Which of these do not apply? |
Men have higher levels of oxytocin than women |
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The increase participation in the workforce which granted women greater opportunities to commit job related crimes is part of which theory? |
Emancipation hypothesis |
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The view that offenders are risk taking, oriented to the present, and lacking in patience is most representative of which theory? |
Self-control theory (me, me, me) |
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Which of the following provides an explanation for how people learn to commit crime from those around them? |
Differential Association theory (diffusion) |
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Which (who) of the following is credited with neutralization theory? |
(neutral BD) Sykes and Matza |
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According to differential association theory blank became favorable to law violation according to the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of exposure to them. |
definitions |
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The most popular in enduring control theory is what? |
Social bonds theory (Enduring Freedom = Brotherhood bond) |
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Mark all of the following that are part of the four elements according to Hirschi. |
(d.)involvement (technically ALL OF THE ABOVE) |
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Major criticism of blank theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime. |
self-control (ex. in the moment, crazy people) |
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Left realists are distinguished from Marxists by their emphasis on what? |
Practical social policy implications |
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The blank perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict,and feminist theories. |
critical school of thought |
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blank (who) is known for arguing that conflict is rooted in multiple aspects of social life not just economic struggle. |
Max Weber (German Nazi life) |
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One insight in blank is that acting “bad” is not necessarily incompatible with femininity since gender has different meaning in different social contexts. |
structured action theory |
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A major critique of blank is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala en se crimes. |
conflict theory (does not give credit where credit is do) |
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According to George Vold gangs are an example of blank whose interests are sufficiently on the margins of mainstream society that all activities are criminalized. |
minority power groups |
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The central concept of blank is hegemonic masculinity. |
structured action theory |
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Moods, social ability and reactivity are components of a person’s? |
Temperament |
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The theorist identified with lifestyle theory is blank. |
Glen Walters. |
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The National Academy of Sciences and American Psychological Association task-force have concluded that blank are not biased against any one group. |
IQ tests |
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The social push hypothesis refers to which of the following? |
Refers to anti-social behavior in the absence of psychological risk factors is most likely biologically based
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Upon hearing the murder of a child in the news Johnny feels the pain of the parents.
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Empathy |
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Which of the following is the tendency to act without giving much thought to the consequences?
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Impulsiveness
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Individuals with a highly sensitive reticular activating system are known as what?
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Augmenters
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blank is defined as behavior that inflicts physical or mental harm or property loss or damage on others.
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Anti-social behavior |
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Which of the following best represents the findings regarding the relationship between genetic influences and anti-social behavior?
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Genetic influences are more strongly linked to adult behavior than juvenile behavior
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According, to neuroscience, what largely determines the patterns of neuron connections?
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Experiences |
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Hoping to acquire a sexual partner, Johnny spends a good deal of time getting ready for his night out, according to experts? |
Mating Effort |
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Reward dominance theory, is a neurological theory that says behavior is regulated by two opposing mechanisms which are? |
BAS & BIS |
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Blank is associated with the functioning of fight or flight system. |
Adrenaline |
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The behavior inhibition system is associated with which neurotransmitter? |
Serotonin (feel good chemical) |
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Blank theory is a neurological theory that based on the proposition that behavior is regulated by 2 opposing mechanisms. |
Reward dominance |
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The blank provides us with knowledge about how others see us. |
Prefrontal cortex |
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Mark all of those that have been found to be associated with greater involvement in criminal behavior. |
The younger the age of onset of sexual behavior |