Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Total Body Water (TBW) |
The sum of fluids within all body compartments. About 60% of body weight in adults.
|
|
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
All fluid within the cells. About 2/3 of TBW. |
|
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
All fluid outside the cells. About 1/3 TBW. Includes interstitial fluids and intravascular fluids. |
|
Interstial Fluids |
Fluid in the space between the cells and outside the blood vessels. |
|
Intravascular Fluid |
Blood plasma |
|
Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium |
The most prominent electrolytes and solutes in ECF. |
|
Phosphates and Magnesium
|
The most prominent electrolytes and solutes in ICF. |
|
Starling Forces or net filtration |
The 4 forces that determine if fluid moves into or out of capillary spaces.
|
|
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure) |
facilitates the outward movement of water from the capillary to the interstitial space. |
|
Capillary (plasma) Oncotic Pressure |
osmotically attracts water from the interstitial space back into the capillary |
|
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
|
facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary. |
|
Interstial Oncotic Pressure |
osmotically attracts water from the capillary into the interstitial space. |
|
Aquaporins
|
A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water. |
|
Sodium |
Maintains ECF osmotic balance |
|
Potassium |
Maintains ICF osmotic balance |
|
ADH (vasopressin) |
primary regulator of water balance in the body |
|
Aldosterone |
regulates sodium concentration in the body |
|
Renin |
stimulates Angiotensin I, which stimulates Angiotensin II, which stimulates ADH and aldosterone who are vasoconstrictors. |
|
Natriuretic Peptides |
Hormones primarily produced by the myocardium. Antagonist to the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system. |
|
Chlorine
|
Anion in the ECF that provides electroneutrality, particularly in relation to sodium. |
|
Osmoreceptors |
Cause thirst and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH. Triggered by increased osmality due to water deficit or sodium excess |
|
Baroreceptors |
Nerve endings that are sensitive to changes in pressure. |
|
Hypertonic |
Imbalances that result in ECF concentrations greater than 0.9% salt solution; causes cells to shrink
|
|
Hypotonic |
Imbalances that result in ECF concentrations less than 0.9% salt solution; causes cells to swell |
|
Isotonic Alterations |
Occur when TBW changes are accompanied by proportional changes in the concentrations of electrolytes |
|
Isotonic Fluid Loss |
Symptoms are weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous membranes, decreased urine output, and symptoms of hypovolemia |
|
Hypovolemia |
Symptoms are rapid heart rate, flattened neck veins, and normal or decreased blood pressure |
|
Isotonic Fluid Excess |
Symptoms are decreased hematocrit, decreased, decreased plasma protein, edema, increased blood pressure, distended neck veins, and weight gain |
|
135mEq/L - 145mEq/L |
Normal range for sodium levels |
|
Hypernatremia |
Symptoms are thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, hypertension, hyperflexia, confusion, coma, convulsions, and cerebral hemorrhage |
|
Hyponatremia
|
Symptoms are low hematocrit, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, depressed reflexes, n/v, weakness, hypotension, tachycardia, weight gain, ascites, and jugular vein distention |
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Dysrhythmias,, peaked T waves, absent P wave with widened QRS complex, bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest, anxiety, tingling, numbness, n/v/d, colicky pain, oliguria, kidney damage
|
|
3.5 mEq/L - 5.0 mEq/L |
Normal ECF concentration levels of potassium |
|
Hypokalemia |
Dysrhythmias, flattened T waves, U waves, peaked P wave, cardiac arrest, weak pulse, lethargy, fatigue, confusion, parasthesias, n/v, decreased bowel sounds, thirst, weakness, bladder dysfunction, respiratory distress |
|
Metabolic Acidosis |
concentrations of non-carbonic acids increase or bicarbonate is lost from extracellular fluid or cannot be regenerated by the kidney |
|
metabolic acidosis |
Symptoms are ha, lethargy, hyperventilation, anorexia, n/v/d, abdominal discomfort, dysrhythmias, diarrhea |
|
metabolic alkalosis |
When excessive loss of metabolic acids occur and bicarbonate increases |
|
Metabolic alkalosis |
Symptoms include weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, convulsions, shallow and slow respirations, and atrial tachycardia |
|
Respiratory acidosis |
When there is alveolar hypoventilation resulting in increased carbon dioxide in the blood |
|
Respiratory acidosis |
Signs and symptoms are ha, blurred vision, breathlessness, restlessness, and apprehension followed by lethargy, disorientation, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and coma. Respirations are tachy at first and then become depressed. The skin may be warm and flushed. |
|
Respiratory alkalosis |
Occurs when there is respiratory hyperventilation resulting in decreased amounts of carbon dioxide in blood. |
|
Respiratory alkalosis |
Symptoms are dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities, convulsions, coma, cardopedal spasm, tetany, and cerebral vasoconstriction |
|
Calcium |
Normal lab value 8.8 - 10.5 mg/dl
|
|
Hypocalcemia
|
Symptoms are intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, tingling and muscle spasms particularly in hands, feet, and facial muscles
|
|
Hypercalcemia
|
Symptoms are bone pain, osteoporosis, lethargy, weakness, nausea, anorexia, constipation, impaired renal function, and dysrhythmias
|
|
Phosphate
|
Normal lab value 2.5-5.0 mg/dl
|
|
Hypophosphotemia
|
Reduced capacity for O2 transport by red blood cells, leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, deranged nerve and muscle function
|
|
Hyperphosphotemia
|
Symptoms primarily related to low calcium levels, when prolonged calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, and joints
|
|
Magnesium
|
Normal lab values of 1.8 - 3.0 mEq/L
|
|
Hypomagnesemia
|
Symptoms are behavioral changes, irritability, increased reflexes, cramps, tetany, tachycardia, hypotension
|
|
Hypermagnesemia
|
Skeletal smooth muscle contraction, weakness, excess nerve function, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory distress, and loss of DTR
|
|
Normal body pH |
7.35-7.45
|
|
Normal range for pCO2
|
35-45mmHg
|
|
Normal range for pO2
|
80-100mmHg
|
|
Normal O2 saturation
|
95 - 100%
|
|
Normal HCO3- levels
|
22-26 mEq/L
|