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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What receptor does erythromycin bind to increase gastro-intestinal motility?
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Motilin receptor
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What portion of the lipopolysaccharide complex accounts for its toxicity?
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Lipid A, the most potent stimulant for TNF-alpha release
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Steroid hormones bind a receptor that is located where?
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in the cytoplasm and affect transcription
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Thyroid hormone receptor resides where?
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in the nucleus and affects transcription
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Cells divide during what phase of the cell cycle?
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M phase
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Which receptor is the most critical component in the neovascularization of tumor metastases?
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VEGF receptor (vascular endothelial growth factor)
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Demosomes anchor cells to...
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each other, cell to cell
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Hemidesmosomes anchor cells to...
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extra-cellular matrix molecules
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Define Tight junctions and Gap junctions
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Tight Junctions-between cells with water impermeable barrier
Gap junctions- between cells but allow communication |
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Where are the following intermediate filaments found?
Keratin- Desmin- Vimentin- |
Keratin-hair and nails
Desmin-muscle Vimentin-fibroblasts |
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Cholesterol affects the plasma membrane by...
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Increasing fluidity
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Calcium is highest inside or outside cells?
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extra-cellular calium higher than inside cells
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Major site of ATP production?
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Mitochondria
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G proteins are...
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GTPases
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which component of the cell membrane increases its fluidity?
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Cholesterol
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are cells positive or negative compared to outside the cell?
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Negative, due to the Na/K ATPase (3 Na out, 2 K in)
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what is the most common intracellular anion?
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Phosphorus
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what is the most common intra-cellular cation?
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Potassium
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what are the ABO blood type antigens?
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Glycolipids
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what are the HLA type antigens?
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Glycoproteins
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which phase of the cell cycle is the most variable?
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G1
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which phase of the cell cycle do growth factors affect?
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G1
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what are the four phases of mitosis?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes aligned?
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metaphase
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during which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes pull apart?
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anaphase
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how many membranes does the nucleus have?
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Double membrane, the outer one being continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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how many membranes does the nucleolus have?
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None
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in which part of the cell to steroid hormones bind to the receptor?
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Cytoplasm, then migrate to the nucleus to act as transcription factors
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in which part of the cell do thyroid hormones bind to their receptors?
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Nucleus
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what are the two purines?
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guanine and adenine
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what are the two pyrimidines?
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cytosine and thymidine (DNA) and uracil (RNA)
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what type of biochemical bond binds purines and pyrimidines?
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Hydrogen bonds
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how many bonds bind guanine and cytosine?
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one single hydrogen bond
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how many subunits do ribosomes have?
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Two, a small and large subunit
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what are the products of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?
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Two ATP and two pyruvate
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in which part of mitochondria does the Krebs cycle occur?
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Inner matrix
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what are the products of the Krebs cycle?
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3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 for each Acetyl-CoA (so x2 for each Glucose)
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Can fats and lipids undergo gluconeogenesis?
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No, because their breakdown product acetyl-CoA can not be converted to pyruvate
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can muscle lactate be converted into new glucose?
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Yes, via the Cori cycle, where muscle lactate is brought to the liver, and converted to pyruvate then undergoes gluconeogenesis to form glucose
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which organelle produces proteins for export?
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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which organelle produces lipids and steroids?
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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which organelle modifies export proteins?
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Golgi apparatus
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which protein activates protein kinase A?
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cAMP
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which proteins activate protein kinase C?
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Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Calcium
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what is the intermediate filament in muscle?
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Desmin
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what is the intermediate filament in fibroblasts?
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Vimentin
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what is the intermediate filament in hair and nails?
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Keratin
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what type of cellular filaments are found in cilia, axons, and centrioles?
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microtubules
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