Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of carbohydrate?
|
Four
|
|
|
how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of protein?
|
Four
|
|
|
how many kilocalories are obtained from each gram of fat?
|
nine
|
|
|
what are the daily caloric requirements?
|
25 kcal per kilogram per day
|
|
|
what are the daily protein requirements?
|
1 g per kilogram per day
|
|
|
approximately what percentage of daily calories should be from fats?
|
one third
|
|
|
what are the four components of the Harris – Benedict equation?
|
Height weight age and sex
|
|
|
what is most of the body's energy expenditure used for?
|
heat production
|
|
|
how is the body's basal metabolic rate affected by the body's temperature?
|
basal metabolic rate increases by 10% for each agree above 38° C
|
|
|
what are the daily caloric requirements in burn patients?
|
30 kcal per kilogram per day
|
|
|
what are the protein requirements in burn patients?
|
an additional 3 g per kilogram for every percent area of body burnt. This is due to the high protein catabolism seen in burn patients
|
|
|
what is the most common amino acid in the blood and tissues?
|
Glutamine
|
|
|
what is the main source of nutrition for the small bowel?
|
Glutamine
|
|
|
what is the main source of nutrition for cancer cells?
|
Glutamine
|
|
|
what is the main source of nutrition for the large bowel?
|
Short chain fatty acids, namely butyrate
|
|
|
what is the main source of nutrition for the heart and muscles?
|
fatty acids
|
|
|
what is the main source of nutrition for the brain?
|
Glucose, but switches to keep tones in late starvation
|
|
|
which cell types are the obligate glucose users?
|
nerve cells, red blood cells, leukocytes, and the adrenal medulla
|
|
|
what is the half-life of albumin?
|
20 days
|
|
|
what is the half-life of pre-albumin?
|
2 days
|
|
|
how is the respiratory quotient calculated?
|
Carbon dioxide produced divided by the oxygen consumed equals respiratory quotient
|
|
|
what is the respiratory quotient for pure carbohydrate metabolism?
|
One
|
|
|
what is the respiratory quotient for pure fat metabolism?
|
0.7
|
|
|
what is the respiratory quotient for pure protein metabolism?
|
0.8
|
|
|
what is the main hormone responsible for the catabolic state seen in post operative day zero through three?
|
Cortisol, which mobilizes proteins for gluconeogenesis, wound repair, and acute phase protein production (catecholamines and glucagon also play a role but cortisol is the main hormone)
|
|
|
how many grams of protein containing 1 g of nitrogen?
|
6.25 g of protein contain 1 g of nitrogen
|
|
|
which organ is responsible for amino acid breakdown?
|
the liver
|
|
|
what is the name of the biochemical pathway in which amino acids are broken down in the liver?
|
Urea cycle
|
|
|
how long do glycogen stores last during starvation?
|
24 to 36 hours
|
|
|
where are most of the bodies glycogen stores?
|
Liver and skeletal muscle (mostly in skeletal muscle)
|
|
|
what are the main gluconeogenesis precursors?
|
Amino acids, specifically alanine from skeletal muscles
|
|
|
what is the main source of energy during late starvation greater than one week?
|
Fat and ketones, as protein utilization for gluconeogenesis slows down to conserve proteins
|
|
|
what is the nutritional basis of TPN?total parenteral nutrition
|
Glucose
|
|
|
what is the to nutritional basis of PPN?peripheral parenteral nutrition
|
Fat
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of hypoglycemia?
|
Excessive insulin administration
|
|
|
what is the second most common cause of hypoglycemia?
|
Sudden discontinuation of TPN
|
|
|
what is the effect of long-term NPO on enterocytes?
|
having no enteral intake over a prolonged period of time increases enterocyte permeability and subsequent gut bacterial translocation
|
|
|
apart from maintaining the integrity of the interim sites what is the other major benefit of enteral feeding?
|
Enteral feeding stimulates greater hormone release, insulin, and therefore promotes anabolism
|
|
|
what three electrolytes are decreased in refeeding syndrome?
|
Potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium
|
|
|
which electrolyte does not decrease in refeeding syndrome?
|
Sodium
|
|
|
why is refeeding syndrome such a potentially serious condition?
|
He can lead to cardiac arrhythmias due to the electrolyte abnormalities
|
|
|
what is the effect of selenium deficiency?
|
Cardiomyopathy
|
|
|
what is the effect of chromium deficiency?
|
Hyperglycemia
|
|
|
what is the effect of zinc deficiency?
|
Alopecia and skin changes
|
|
|
what is the effect of copper deficiency?
|
Pancytopenia
|
|
|
what is the effect of vitamin E deficiency?
|
neuropathy
|
|
|
what is the effect of niacin deficiency?
|
Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia)
|
|
|
what is the method of absorption of short and medium chain fatty acids?
|
Simple diffusion into the portal venous system
|
|
|
what is the method of absorption of longchain fatty acids?
|
Uptake by the enterocytes, where they form chylomicrons and subsequently enter the lymphatic system
|
|
|
which organ clears serum chylomicrons?
|
Liver
|
|
|
which hepatic enzyme is required to clear serum chylomicrons?
|
lipoprotein lipase
|
|
|
in fat cells, which enzyme is responsible for breaking down intracellular triglycerides?
|
hormone sensitive lipase breaks down intracellular triglycerides in fat cells into fatty acids and glycerol
|
|
|
what are the two essential fatty acids?
|
Linoleic acid (w-6) and linolenic acid (w-3)
|
|
|
what is the method of absorption of glucose and galactose?
|
Active secondary transport by sodium ATPase, symport
|
|
|
what is the method of absorption of fructose?
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
|
what is lactose made of?
|
Glucose and galactose
|
|
|
what is sucrose made of?
|
Glucose and fructose
|
|
|
what is maltose made of?
|
Glucose and glucose
|
|
|
what is the method of absorption of amino acids?
|
Active secondary transport
|
|
|
what enzyme activates trypsin?
|
The duodenal enzyme enterokinase activates trypsinogen form trypsin
|
|
|
what are the three branched chain amino acids?
|
LIV, leucine, isoleucine, valine
|
|
|
we are our branched chain amino acids metabolized?
|
Muscle
|
|
|
what are the eight essential amino acids?
|
L I V Preciously Through The Magical Leopard: leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, and lysine
|
