Abnormal Psychology Chs 7, 8, 10

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

characteristic ways of responding

Front 2

Personality disorders

Back 2

long-standing, maladaptive, inflexible ways of relating to the environment
ingrained quality, early onset, pervasive, stable
diagnosed on axis 2
present in 10-15% of population

Front 3

Symptom disorders

Back 3

axis 1, symptoms that come and go, triggered by environment or events,

Front 4

Prototypal approach

Back 4

each disorder has list of characteristics, and if more then a specific number are met, the diagnosis of disorder is given
-so two ppl with same diagnosis can have different characteristics

Front 5

Odd or ecentric behavior Disorders

Back 5

Paranoid, Scizoid, Schizotypal

Front 6

Paranoid

Back 6

suspiciousness,mistrust, hypersensitivity, threatening messages, difficult to have close relationships with others, .5-2.5% rate, men more likely then women

Front 7

Schizoid

Back 7

reserved, socially withdrawn, seclusive, rarely express feelings/emotions, cold, self-absorbed, absent minded, does not enjoy or desire close relationships

Front 8

Schizotypal

Back 8

oddities of thinking, perceiving, communicating and behaving, similar to schizoids bc they are socially withdrawn, use of unusual words, phrases, cannot express ideas clearly, evidence of biological componement, disturbances are not limite dto stress, but are present all the time

Front 9

Dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior disorders

Back 9

histronic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial

Front 10

histronic

Back 10

want the attention of others, vain, immature, talk exagerated and with drama, respond with impressions rather then facts, do not put much thought into things, easily influenced and distracted, women more likely then men

Front 11

Narcissistic

Back 11

sense of self-importance, constant attention, fragile self-esteem, lack empathy

Front 12

borderline

Back 12

unstable relationships, avoid abandonment, threats of self-destructive behavior, impulsivity, wish for dependent and exclusive relationshpi with other person

Front 13

borderline statistic

Back 13

10-20% of patients, 6% of general popoulation, 2/3 of women

Front 14

dependency(borderline)

Back 14

devalue and discredit values of significant other, use manipulation to control relationship, extreme anger

Front 15

self destructive behavior (borderline)

Back 15

overdosing with drugs, self-mutilation 10.3% had committed suicide, buimia (behaviors are a "saving response from others)

Front 16

Personality

Back 16

characteristic ways of responding

Front 17

Personality disorders

Back 17

long-standing, maladaptive, inflexible ways of relating to the environment
ingrained quality, early onset, pervasive, stable
diagnosed on axis 2
present in 10-15% of population

Front 18

Symptom disorders

Back 18

axis 1, symptoms that come and go, triggered by environment or events,

Front 19

Prototypal approach

Back 19

each disorder has list of characteristics, and if more then a specific number are met, the diagnosis of disorder is given
-so two ppl with same diagnosis can have different characteristics

Front 20

Odd or ecentric behavior Disorders

Back 20

Paranoid, Scizoid, Schizotypal

Front 21

Paranoid

Back 21

suspiciousness,mistrust, hypersensitivity, threatening messages, difficult to have close relationships with others, .5-2.5% rate, men more likely then women

Front 22

Schizoid

Back 22

reserved, socially withdrawn, seclusive, rarely express feelings/emotions, cold, self-absorbed, absent minded, does not enjoy or desire close relationships

Front 23

Schizotypal

Back 23

oddities of thinking, perceiving, communicating and behaving, similar to schizoids bc they are socially withdrawn, use of unusual words, phrases, cannot express ideas clearly, evidence of biological componement, disturbances are not limite dto stress, but are present all the time

Front 24

Dramatic, emotional or erratic behavior disorders

Back 24

histronic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial

Front 25

histronic

Back 25

want the attention of others, vain, immature, talk exagerated and with drama, respond with impressions rather then facts, do not put much thought into things, easily influenced and distracted, women more likely then men

Front 26

Narcissistic

Back 26

sense of self-importance, constant attention, fragile self-esteem, lack empathy

Front 27

borderline

Back 27

unstable relationships, avoid abandonment, threats of self-destructive behavior, impulsivity, wish for dependent and exclusive relationshpi with other person, emptiness boredness, do not like being along, emotionaly instable-period of depression

Front 28

borderline statistic

Back 28

10-20% of patients, 6% of general popoulation, 2/3 of women

Front 29

dependency(borderline)

Back 29

devalue and discredit values of significant other, use manipulation to control relationship, extreme anger

Front 30

self destructive behavior (borderline)

Back 30

overdosing with drugs, self-mutilation 10.3% had committed suicide, buimia, promiscuity (behaviors are a "saving response from others)

Front 31

distinguising borderline

Back 31

patients represent boundry between personality and mood disorders, individuals likley to have history of mood disorders, stress on affective/emotional response

Front 32

comorbidity bw borderline and other disorders

Back 32

% overlap with borderline personality disorder is highest with substance abuse and then other personality disorders, ptsd, depression, alcohol etc.

Front 33

Borderline causes

Back 33

disturbed relationshpis with child and parents, lack of attention to hilds feelings, divorce, parental abuse,

Front 34

Splitting

Back 34

Otto Kernberg, explanation for tempestuousness and changeability in relationships bw ppl with borderline disorder and others
STATES THAT: splitting occurs bc of the failure to nitegrate the positive and negative experiences that occur bw the individual and other person

Front 35

Borderline- being alone

Back 35

being alone may be associated with sens eo fbeing evil, evokes feelings of shame and guilt that causes ppl to q their worthiness to live

Front 36

Borderline disturbances (3)

Back 36

identity (reliance on external support for self-definition)
affective (inappropiate anger, emotional instability)
impulsive (self damaging and impulsive behavior)

Front 37

Borderline clinicla treatment

Back 37

psychodynamic (psychotherapy, intense sessions to determine distortions of reality)
cognitive(change thoughts)
biological-make use of medicines- Work Group on Borderline personality (combination of techniques, medication, psychotherapy and family support)

Front 38

% of borderline patients in which treatment is succcessful

Back 38

50% show improvement over a four year period

Front 39

Antisocial personality Disorder

Back 39

failure to conform to soial norms, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, agressiveness, irresponsibility, cruel, do not show anxiety and do not experience guilt, lack role of superego

Front 40

ages associated with antisocial

Back 40

association with crime, violence and delinquicy after the age of 15, chronic conduct disorder in age before 15, diagnosis given at age 18
BUT do not have criminal records

Front 41

Causes of antisocial personality disorder

Back 41

impulsive physical violence and agression is related to very low levels of serotonin, low alpha waves=low levels of arousal, delayed cebral maturation, antisocial individuals lack cognitive aspect of anxiety
abused children greater chances of developing antisocial disorder

Front 42

age ppl with antisocial disorder that development is arrested and why

Back 42

7-11, they are not concerned about the effectof their behaviors on others, new morality begins around age 13 when children stop "making up" for past occurences . aquire development to reason in abstract terms and understand concept of partnership.

Front 43

anxious or Fearful behavior

Back 43

avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive

Front 44

avoidant

Back 44

low self esteem, fear of negative evaluation, desire for affection and friendhip, but usually have few friends, doubt acceptance by others, anxious and sensitive due to doubts about own competence

Front 45

coping mechanisms for avoidant disorders

Back 45

hypervigiliance-constantly scan the environment for warning signs, narrow range of activite sto avoid things that may be too uncomfrotable, fear of being embaressed os they have poor social skills

Front 46

Dependent

Back 46

1)passively allow other ppl to make important decisions in their lif ebc they lack confidence
2) subordinate own needs to needs and demands of others
fear separation, submissive, clining

Front 47

causes of dependent

Back 47

had overprotective parents that never allowed them to learn good coping skills or insecurely attached to mothers and didnt not have good, trusting relationships to others

Front 48

Obsessive-compulsive

Back 48

rigid, restricted in thinking, but they do not sow obsessional thinking, nor do they engage in irrational rituals
stiff, formal, usually serious, extreme perfectionism , focus on rules and neatness, inflexible
characterised by indeciveness, great difficulting in planning adn executing a job because they may be wrong about it ,

Front 49

what do people with personality disorder percieve to be wrong in their lives?

Back 49

environment not behavior

Front 50

dimensional Model

Back 50

person is not characterized by having a disorder, but as having a personality that reflects the individuals standing on a variety of dimensiosn
results in profile for each person classified

Front 51

five factor Model

Back 51

asses five dimensions of personality that are important in various degrees to normal and abnormal behavior
1)Conscientiousness
2) agreeableness
3)neuroticism
4)extraversion
5) openess to experience

Front 52

Two tasks that clinicians face when striving to diminish maladaptive behavior

Back 52

1)understanding nature of problem of disorder
2) treating it

Front 53

psychodynamic perspective, major determinits of behavior

Back 53

intrapsychic events and unconscious motivations , anxiety is an alarm that appears whenever a person is threatened.

Front 54

Psychodynamic causes of anxiety

Back 54

perceptiono f beinghelpless incoping with pressures, seperation or anticpation of abandonment, loss of emotional support, withdrawel of love

Front 55

main tool of psychodynamic oriented clinician

Back 55

psychotherapy

Front 56

Defense mechannisms emphasized by freud? and in what disorder?

Back 56

isolation, undoing, reaction formation
ocd

Front 57

Isolation

Back 57

emotions are seperated from a thought or act, which then becomes obsessive or compulsive, but emotion i snot constantly barred from conscious and threatens to break through if act is not followed

Front 58

Undoing

Back 58

negating or atoning for some dissaproved impulse or act, compulsive act "undoes" what is said to may result from original obsessive thought
(turning off light switch many times)

Front 59

reaction formation

Back 59

enables th eindividual to express an inappropiate impulse by turning it into its opposite (mother who check on child sleeping bc she has resentment for them)

Front 60

Comorbidity

Back 60

diagnostic overlaps

Front 61

comborbididty for schizophrenia and paranoid disorders

Back 61

77% alone cases, 23% of cases with other diagnosis

Front 62

risk of depression is higher in ppl with anxiety or depressive disorders?

Back 62

anxiety, anxietyare more often complicated by comborbidity with depression

Front 63

behavior Therapy

Back 63

anxiety that reaches clinical proportions is learned or acquired response, create dby envionmental conditions, often the home, use of conditioning, reinforcement

Front 64

exposure

Back 64

effective in phobic and ocd
client should maintain conatct wit hthe stimulis until they become used to it

Front 65

therapy based on exposure principles

Back 65

systematic desensitization, implosive therapy, in vivo exposure

Front 66

systematic desensitization

Back 66

series of fear arousing stimulis from mild to strong are used, client told to relax and experiences stimuli in a hierarchy (like discussed in class-airplanes)

Front 67

Implosive therapy

Back 67

therapist controlled exposure to imagined high intensity, fear arousing situation
based on the belief that anxiety disorders are outgrowths of prior painfulexperiences, must unlearn them by re-creating situation and experiencing it without pain

Front 68

in vivo exposure

Back 68

individual experiences actual feared siuation-reality

Front 69

most effective behavioral technique for treating complusive rituals

Back 69

combination of exposure and response prevention
exposure: reduces hypersensitivity to object and associate anxiety
response prevention: eleminated complusive ritual

Front 70

modeling

Back 70

acquiring new behavioral skills and feeling of competence. model a response and recieve corrective guidance on their own behavior

Front 71

cognitive behavioral therapy

Back 71

clinical procedures based on principles of learning, such as extinction and reinforcement, that emphasize cognitive behavior

Front 72

cognitive interpetationo f maladaptive behavior

Back 72

cognitive disturbances that occurin specific places are sources of anxiety
person's thought and mental set are vulnerability factors
precipitating events elicit an underlying fear or attitude (the vulnerabillity factor) and give rise to hypervigillence

Front 73

cognitive restructering

Back 73

based on rational-emotive therapy of albert ellis
calls clients attention to unrealistic thoughts, clinician helps client review irrational thoughts and develop more rational ways for looking at their lives, ppl will develop more realistic appraisals of themselves and others

Front 74

Thought stopping

Back 74

cogniive techniqueworks on the basis that a sudden, distracting stimulis will serve to terminate obsesional thoughts, procedureprovides client with self control technique for removing obsessional thought when it occurs

Front 75

cognitive rehearsal

Back 75

client metally rehearses adaptive approaches to problematic situations

Front 76

Cognitive therapy

Back 76

aaron beck, vulnerability grows out of individuals tendency to devalue his or her problem solving ability and exagerate the degree of threat in problematic situations
consists of 5-20 sessions
task oriented-devoted to solving problems brought up by the patient, ratther then their history, use of socratic method

Front 77

anxiety management training program

Back 77

1) informed about nature of anxiety
2) cognitive componement
3)distractions and relaxations
4)exposure training
5)instill self confidence
clients play an actuve role in doing homework and setting their own goals, fewer then 9 sessions

Front 78

which type of therapist gets better result

Back 78

more experienced

Front 79

has any direct organic cause been found to be associated with anxiety disorders?

Back 79

no, but ppl whose nervous systems are sensitive to stimulation seem to experience moe anxiety
anxiety disorders tend to run in families

Front 80

serotonin

Back 80

involvement in movement, appetite, sleep, reproduction, cognition, emotion, anxiety and depression

Front 81

amygdala

Back 81

coordinates bodys fear response

Front 82

hippocampus

Back 82

plays an important role in emotion-laden memories, smaller in traumatized animals (same for ptsd patients)

Front 83

tranquilizing drugs

Back 83

most commonly used somatic therapy in treatment of anxiety, valuable in reducing states of great tension

Front 84

benzodiazepines

Back 84

librium, valium, used for treatment of anxiety, tension, behavioral excitement, insomnia, but have troubling side effects

Front 85

Alprazolam

Back 85

benzodiazepine drug, treatment of panic disorders, fast acting and fewer unpleasent side effects

Front 86

antidepressants

Back 86

tricyclic drugs, theraputic effects for ocd and panic

Front 87

Cortisol

Back 87

released by the adrenal glandm influences hw one responds to stress, production influenced by previous high levels of stress

Front 88

phobias

Back 88

do not occur in isolation, common more so then gad, african americans have higer rates, chronic conditions

Front 89

acrophobia

Back 89

fear of hieghts

Front 90

xenophobnia

Back 90

fear of strangers

Front 91

specific phobias

Back 91

aniamls, marked persistentfears, most common type of phobia-11% of population

Front 92

MOST COMMON FEARS

Back 92

heights and bugs or other small animals

Front 93

high motivation on part of client

Back 93

increases chance of success

Front 94

at the core of obsessions and compulsions

Back 94

fear of loss for control and need for structure

Front 95

ocd ppl are aware of

Back 95

irrationality

Front 96

object of phobia

Back 96

can be avoided while ocd objects cannot, fear is not at object itself but fear of becoming involved with it