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334 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental
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pathway
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Developmental
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tasks
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Externalizing
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problems
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Internalizing
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problems
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Protective
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factors
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Psychological
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disorder
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Resilience
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factor
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Risk
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factor
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Risk
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factors
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Adaptational
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failure
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Behavioral
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genetics
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Brain
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circuits
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Cortisol
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Developmental
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psychopathology
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Discontinuity
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Emotion
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reactivity
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Emotion
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regulation
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Epinephrine
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Family
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systems
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Frontal
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lobes
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Health
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promotion
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
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(HPA)
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Molecular
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genetics
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Neural
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plasticity
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Non-shared
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environment
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Organization
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of
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Sensitive
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periods
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Shared
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environment
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Social
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cognition
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Social
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learning
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Temperament
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Analogue
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research
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Case
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study
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Correlation
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coefficient
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Cross-sectional
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research
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Electroencephalogram
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(EEG)
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Epidemiological
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research
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External
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validity
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Incidence
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rates
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Informed
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consent
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Internal
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validity
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Longitudinal
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research
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Mediator
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variables
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Moderator
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variables
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Multiple-baseline
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design
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Natural
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experiment
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Naturalistic
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observation
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Prevalence
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rates
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Qualitative
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research
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Random
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assignment
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Competence
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Developmental
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pathway
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Developmental
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tasks
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Equifinality
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Externalizing
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problems
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Internalizing
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problems
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Multifinality
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Nosologies
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Protective
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factors
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Psychological
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disorder
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Resilience
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factor
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Risk
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factor
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Risk
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factors
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Adaptational
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failure
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Behavioral
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genetics
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Brain
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circuits
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Cortisol
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Developmental
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psychopathology
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Discontinuity
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Emotion
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reactivity
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Emotion
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regulation
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Epinephrine
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Family
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systems
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Frontal
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lobes
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Health
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promotion
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
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(HPA)
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Molecular
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genetics
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Neural
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plasticity
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Non-shared
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environment
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Organization
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of
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Sensitive
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periods
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Shared
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environment
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Social
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cognition
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Social
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learning
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Temperament
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Analogue
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research
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Case
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study
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Correlation
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coefficient
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Cross-sectional
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research
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Electroencephalogram
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(EEG)
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Epidemiological
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research
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External
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validity
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Incidence
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rates
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Informed
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consent
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Internal
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validity
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Longitudinal
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research
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Mediator
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variables
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Moderator
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variables
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Multiple-baseline
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design
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Natural
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experiment
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Naturalistic
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observation
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Prevalence
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rates
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Qualitative
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research
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Random
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assignment
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Real-time
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prospective
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Retrospective
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design
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Single-case
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experimental
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Structured
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observation
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Treatment
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effectiveness
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Treatment
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efficacy
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True
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experiment
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Behavior
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analysis
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Behavioral
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assessment
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Categorical
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classification
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Clinical
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assessment
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Clinical
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description
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Developmental
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history
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Developmental
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test
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Dimensional
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classification
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Mental
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status
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Multiaxial
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system
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Multi-method
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assessment
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Neuropsychological
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assessment
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Projective
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test
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Semi-structured
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interview
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Target
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behaviors
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Treatment
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planning
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Attentional
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capacity
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
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Disorder
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Combined
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type
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Developmental
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coordination
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Executive
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functions
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Frontostriatal
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circuitry
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Goodness
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of
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Parent
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Management
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Positive
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illusory
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Predominantly
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hyperactive-impulsive
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Predominantly
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inattentive
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Response-cost
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procedures
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Selective
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attention
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Stimulant
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medications
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Sustained
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attention
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Tic
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disorders
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Competence
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Developmental pathway
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Developmental tasks
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Equifinality
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Externalizing problems
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Internalizing problems
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Multifinality
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Nosologies
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Protective factors
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Psychological disorder
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Resilience factor
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Risk factor
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Risk factors
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Stigma
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Adaptational failure
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Attachment
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Behavioral genetics
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Brain circuits
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Continuity
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Cortisol
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Developmental psychopathology
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Discontinuity
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Emotion reactivity
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Emotion regulation
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Epinephrine
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Etiology
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Family systems
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Frontal lobes
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Health promotion
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
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Interdependent
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Macroparadigm
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Molecular genetics
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Neural plasticity
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Non-shared environment
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Organization of development
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Sensitive periods
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Shared environment
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Social cognition
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Social learning
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Temperament
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Transaction
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Analogue research
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Assent
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Case study
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Cohort
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Comorbidity
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Correlation coefficient
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Cross-sectional research
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Epidemiological research
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External validity
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Incidence rates
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Informed consent
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Internal validity
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Longitudinal research
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Mediator variables
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Moderator variables
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Multiple-baseline design
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Natural experiment
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Naturalistic observation
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Neuroimaging
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Prevalence rates
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Qualitative research
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Random assignment
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Real-time prospective design
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Reliability
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Research
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Retrospective design
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Single-case experimental design
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Standardization
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Structured observation
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Treatment effectiveness
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Treatment efficacy
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True experiment validity
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Behavior analysis or functional analysis of behavior
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Behavioral assessment
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Categorical classification
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Classification
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Clinical assessment
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Clinical description
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Developmental history or family history
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Developmental test
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Diagnosis
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Dimensional classification
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Eclectic
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Idiographic
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Intervention
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Maintenance
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Mental status exam
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Multiaxial system
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Multi-method assessment approach
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Neuropsychological assessment
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Nomothetic
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Prevention
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Prognosis
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Projective test
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Screening
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Semi-structured interview
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Target behaviors
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Test
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Treatment
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Treatment planning
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Attentional capacity
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Combined type (ADHD-C)
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Developmental coordination disorder
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Distractibility
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Executive functions
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Frontostriatal circuitry of the brain
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Goodness of fit
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Hyperactive
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Impulsive
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Inattentive
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Methylphenidate
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Parent Management Training (PMT)
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Positive illusory bias
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Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI)
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Predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI)
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Response-cost procedures
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Selective attention
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Stimulant medications
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Subtype
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Sustained attention
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Tic disorders
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Abnormal behavior
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Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.
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abnormality
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Deviation from the average or the usual.
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asylum
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Safe refuge; specifically, an insti-tution to house mentally disordered people.
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behavior therapy
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Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflict as legitimate targets for change.
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behavioral model
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Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.
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behaviorism
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Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.
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castration anxiety
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In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.
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catharsis
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Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.
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classical conditioning
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Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.
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clinical description
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Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.
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clinical psychologist .
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Person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree (e.g., Psy.D.) in psychology and is trained to conduct research into the causes and treatment of severe psychological disorders as well as to diagnose, assess, and treat them.
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collective unconscious
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Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and re-membered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.
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competence
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The ability to adapt to one's environment. Children's competence involves their performance relative to their same-age peers as well as to their individual course of development.
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counseling psychologist
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Person who has earned a Ph.D. or related degree in psychology and is trained to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy people.
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countertransference
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Psychoanalytic concept involving personal issues the therapist brings to professional relationships with clients.
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course
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Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.
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defense mechanisms
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Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.
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developmental pathway
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A concept to describe the sequence and timing of particular behaviors, and to highlight the known and suspected relationships of behaviors over time.
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developmental tasks
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Psychosocial tasks of childhood that reflect broad domains of competence and tell us how children typically progress within each of these domains as they grow.
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displacement
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Defense mechanism in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute.
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dream analysis
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Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.
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ego
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In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.
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ego psychology
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Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts.
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Electra complex
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In psychoanalysis, a young girl’s intrapsychic desire to replace her mother, possess her father, and acquire a penis. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.
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emotion contagion
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Situation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby.
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empathy
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Condition of sharing and understanding the emotions of another person.
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equifinality
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The concept that similar outcomes may stem from different early experiences.
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etiology
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Cause or source of a disorder.
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exorcism
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Religious ritual that attributes, attributing disordered behavior to possession by demons and, seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from his or her body.
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externalizing problems
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Problem behaviors that begin during childhood and encompass more acting-out behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior.
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extinction
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Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed. The procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing is also called extinction.
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fixation
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In psychoanalysis, stopping or concentrating at a psychosexual stage because of a lack of appropriate gratification at that stage.
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free association
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Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.
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hierarchy of needs
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Ranking of human necessities from basic food to self-actualization, proposed by Abraham Maslow.
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humoral theory
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Ancient belief that psychological disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily humors or fluids.
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humors
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Bodily fluids (blood, black and yellow bile, and phlegm) that early theorists believed controlled normal and abnormal functioning.
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id
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In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic drives.
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incidence
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Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence).
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internalizing problems
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Problem behaviors that begin during childhood and include anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, and withdrawn behavior.
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madhouses
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Perjorative, negative term for asylums, the institutions of refuge for the mentally disordered.
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mass hysteria
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Phenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion.
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multifinality
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The concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings.
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nosologies
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Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories.
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object relations
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A modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.
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Oedipus complex
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In psychoanalysis, the intrapsychic struggle within a young boy between his lust for his mother and his fear of castration because of it. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.
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person-centered therapy
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Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.
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physical disorders.
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psychophysiological disorders Outdated term, similar to psychosomatic medicine, for the study of psychological and social factors influencing The term is misleading because it falsely implies that other psychological problems such as mood disorders do not also have significant biological components.
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presenting problem
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Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.
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protective factor
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A variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the outcome will occur.
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psychiatric social worker
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Person who has earned a master of social work (MSW) degree or, occasionally, a doctor of social work (DSW) and is trained to work with social agencies to help psychologically disordered clients and their families.
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psychiatrist
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Person who has earned an M.D. degree and then has specialized in psychiatry during residency training. Psychiatrists are trained to investigate primarily the biological nature and causes of psychiatric disorders, and to diagnose and treat them as well.
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psychoanalytic model
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Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.
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psychodynamic psychotherapy
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Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.
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psychological disorder
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A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that includes one or more of the following prominent features: (a) some degree of distress in the subject; (b) behavior indicating some degree of disability; and (c) an increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.
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reinforcement
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In operant conditioning consequences, for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence; while negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement, or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.
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resilience
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The ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology.
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risk factor
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A variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur.
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scientist-practitioner model
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Expectation that mental health professionals will apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.
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shaping
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In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.
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stigma
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A cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, avoidance, and discrimination against people with mental illnesses.
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symptom substitution
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Psychodynamic assertion that if overt problem behavior (the “symptom”) is treated without eliminating the underlying conflict thought to be causing it, that conflict will reemerge in the form of new, perhaps worse, symptoms.
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systematic desensitization
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Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.
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transference
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Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.
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unconditional positive regard
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Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.
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unconscious
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Part of the psychic make-up that is outside the awareness of the person.
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