Abnormal Child Psychology Chapter 6 Terms From Behavior Disorders Of Childhood

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internalizing disorders

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The large category of disorders-- many of which were traditionally referred to as neuroses-- in which the problems exhibited seem directed more at the self than at others, for example, fears, depression, and withdrawal

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anxiety

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future-oriented emotion characterized by an elevated level of apprehension and lack of control

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fear

Back 3

Reaction to an immediate/present threat characterized by an alarm reaction

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worry

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thoughts about possible negative outcomes that are intrusive and difficult to control; a cognitive component of anxiety

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phobia

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Anxiety about, and avoidance of, some object or situation. This reaction is judged to be excessive, overly persistent, unadaptive, or inappropriate.

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specific phobia

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Persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is unusual or excessive

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social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

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The essential feature of __ ___ is a marked and persistent fear of acting in an embarrassing or humiliating way in social or performance situations.

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selective mutism

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Youngsters with ___ ___ do not talk in specific social situations. These situations, such as the classroom or play activities, are ones in which their peers typically do talk or in whcih talking is important to development. Occurs despite the fact that the children dos peak in toher situations.

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separation anxiety disorder

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Intended to describe children with excessive anxiety regarding separation from a major attachment figure and/or home.

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school refusal

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Excessive anxiety regarding school attendance; these youngsters may not attend school; one of the eight symptoms listed for the DSM diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder

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functional analysis

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Behavior analysis, that is, assessment of variables that might be influencing the occurrence and maintenance of a behavior. Determining such antecedent variables and consequences for behavior can be crucial in modifying the behavior.

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truancy

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School refusal differentiated from this; ___ are usually describes as unlikely to be excessively anxious or fearful about attending school, typically absent on an intermittent basis, often without parental knowledge.

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agoraphobia

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Excessive anxiety about being in a situation where escape might be difficult or embarrassing

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overanxious disorder

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This diagnosis was eliminated and children and adolescents are now considered, along with adults, under the category of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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Characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that the youngster finds difficult to control.

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panic attack

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A discrete period of intense apprehension, fear, or terror that has a sudden onset and reaches a peak quickly

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panic disorder

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Involves unexpected panic attacks that the person is concerned will reoccur without warning. May occur with or withoutt agoraphobia

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trauma

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An event outside of everyday experience that would be distressing to almost anyone

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posttraumatic stress disorder

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A reaction to a trauma that is characterized by reexperiencing of the trauma accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event

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acute stress disorder

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Essentially the same as PTSD, with two key exceptions. Perhaps the principal distinction is that symptoms for this disorder last for at least 2 days, but less than 4 weeks, whereas PTSD lasts for at least one month following the trauma or has a delayed onset.

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obsessions

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Recurring and intrusive irrational thoughts over which the individual feels no control

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compulsions

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Behaviors the individual feels compelled to repeat over and over again, even thoguh they appear to have no rational basis

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Involves either obsessions or compulsions, or in a majority of youngsters, both. The person realized that the thoughts and behaviors are unreasonable. This particular feature is not required for the diagnosis in children but may become part of the clinical picture in older children and adolescents.

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Tourette's syndrome

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A chronic disorder with a genetic and neuroanatomical basis characterized by motor and vocal tics and related urges

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tics

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Sudden, rapid, recurrent, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations.

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PANDAS

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Pediatric Autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. A subset of cases of obsessive compulsive disorder. Believed to result from an autoimmune reaction produced when antibodies formed by the body against the streptococcal cells react and cause inflammation in cells of the basal ganglia.

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behavioral inhibition system

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(BIS) Involves multiple areas of the brain-- the BIS system is related to the emotions of fear and anxiety, and tends to inhibit action in novel or fearful situations or under conditions of punishment or nonreward.

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negative affectivity

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(NA) A temperamental dimension characterized by a gneral/persistent negative mood and style of engagement with the environment.

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exposure to feared stimuli

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An essential element of successful fear-reduction programs.

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relaxation training

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Teaches youngsters to be aware of their physiological and muscular reactions to anxiety and provides them with skills to control these reactions. By tensing and relaxing various muscle groups, the youngster comes to sense early signs of bodily tension and to sue these sensations as signals to relax.

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desensitization (systematic desensitization)

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When relaxation training is combined with exposure to feared situations, the procedure is known as ___ or ____ ___. In imaginal ___, a hierarchy of fear-provoking situatinos is constructed, and the youngster is asked to visualize scenes, starting with the least and progressing to the most fear-producing.

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modeling

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The child observes another person interacting adaptively with the feared situation. The model can be live or symbolic.

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contingency management

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Based on operant principles and, instead, address the child's avoidant/anxious behavior directly by altering the contingencies for such behavior-- ensuring that positive consequences follow exposure but not avoidance of the feared stimulus and that the child is rewarded ro improvment. (Reinforced practice)

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response prevention

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The youngster is exposed to the situation that causes anxiety, and the compulsive ritual is prevented by helping the youngster resist the urge to perform it.