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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major depressive disorder is to bipolar disorder as _______ is to _________.
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dysthymia/cyclothymia (both are less severe)
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give an example of a cognitive symptom of depression, a physical symptom, and anhedonia.
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-cognitive- guilt or worthlessness
-physical- fatigue -anhedonia- not going out with friends (inability to feel pleasure) |
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melancholic depression is characterized by...
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severe depression and somatic symptoms
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almost all (anxious/depressed) persons are (anxious/depressed).
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depressed/anxious
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the geneticsuceptibility to mood disorders is higher among (men/women), (identical/fraternal), and relatives of probands with (greater/lesser) serverity.
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women/identical/greater
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what is the "permissive" hypothesis?
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when serotonin levels get low, it fails to regulate norepinephrine and dopamine
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85% of all major depressive episodes are preceded by_________
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major life stressor
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the negative cognitive triad of Aaron Beck consists of negative thought about_______,______,_______
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future, self, and world
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the tendency for vulnerable people to end up in more vulnerable situations, is explained by which theory? (ex: someone who is depressed is unable to work, falls behind on bills, and is in danger of losing their job)
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reciprocal-gene theory
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with regard to bipolar disorder, Ellen Frank discovered the importance of________and developed___________.
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sleep and eating habits/social rhythm therapy
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what is the disorder where individuals may become depressed during the winter and manic during the summer?
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seasonal affective disorder
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when someone meets the criteria for a manic and depressive episode at the same time all in the same week
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mixed episodes (dysphoric manic episodes)
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how long does an episode have to last to be considered dysthymic disorder and what is the median duration for those with this disorder?
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2+ years
median=5 years |
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what is the onset of major depressive disorder?
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early teens, mean=30
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what is double depression?
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major depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder together
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what is an extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy that persists more than 2 months?
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pathological or impacted grief
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what disorder is classified by alternating depressive and manic episodes?
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bipolar 1
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what disorder is classified by alternating depressive and hypomanic episodes?
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bipolar 2
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what is the onset for bipolar 1 and bipolar 2?
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bipolar 1= 18
bipolar 2=19-22 |
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do people with depression or bipolar disorder have a better success rate of suicide?
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bipolar
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temporal course of a bipolar disorder when transitions between mania and depression are quick and occur four or more times in 1 year
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rapid cycling
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how long do cyclothymic symptoms last for adults? for children?
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adults=2+ years
children=1+ year |
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what is the age of onset for cyclothymic disorder?
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12 to 14
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symptom specifier where a person sleeps more, eats more, hungry, tends to be more anxious, gains weight
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atypical
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symptom specifier that is a severe form of depression, can't get them to smile, a lot of somatic symptoms (stomach aches, headaches, etc.)
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melancholic
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symptom specifier classified as episodes lasting longer than 2 years
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chronic
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symptom specifier where a person lacks physical emotion, absence of movement
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catatonic
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symptom specifier classified by hallucinations
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psychotic
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hallucinations consistent with mood
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mood congruent
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hallucinations no consistent with mood
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mood incongruent
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symptom specifier classified inability to care for child immediately after birth
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postpartum
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what chemical is tied to depression?
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melatonin
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what is the course specifier classified as time periods among mood disorders that may suggest their course, treatment, and prognosis?
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longitudinal
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what is a type of therapy where a depressed person sits in front of bright lights?
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phototherapy
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what is the ratio of females to males in mood disorders? ratio of elderly?
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2:1
1:1 |
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Depression causes a person to be more or less likely to heal from medical treatments?
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less
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what are the core symptoms of depression that differentiate them from anxiety?
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-anhedonia
-cognitive or motor slowing -negative cognitions (hopelessness, which tends to not be in anxiety) |
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does dopamine tend to be high or low with low level of serotonin? norepinephrine?
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dopamine- high
norepinephrine- low |
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what is the "stress hypothesis"?
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tied with endocrine system
-focuses on overactivity in the HPA axis, which produces stress hormones |
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elevated levels of what are seen in depression?
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cortisol
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"stress makes you stupid"
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stress causes elevated levels of cortisol which suppresses the hippocampus which is involved with new memories
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how does depression affect sleep?
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-quicker and more intense REM cycle
-decreased slow wave sleep (recuperative) |
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if you deprive someone who is depressed of sleep toward the second half of the night, will cause an improvement in their condition. true or false?
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true
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what are the three characteristics of the depressive attributional style?
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(1) internal- (person takes blame for things that are not their fault)
(2) stable- (things will never get better or change) (3) global- (attributions extend across a variety of issues) |
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what is arbitrary inference?
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when a depressed person emphasizes the negative rather than the positive aspects of situation (ex: high school teacher thinks he is bad because two people fell asleep)
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what is overgeneralization?
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overgeneralize a small remark (ex: professor makes one critical mark on your paper and you think you will fail despite the long list of positive comments)
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marriage and interpersonal relationship disruption most effects what gender?
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-males
-usually precedes depression |
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what are the gender differences in the interpersonal relationship/depression relation?
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-in women, the relationship starts to go south, and then they get depression
-in men, they get depression which causes the relationship to go south |
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all mood disorders are more prevalent in women except which disorder? why is it more prevalent in females?
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-bipolar
-gender roles (men taught to be assertive, women taught to be passive) -access to resources (women tend to have less access to resources-education) -coping strategies (women want to talk about problem, men want to stay quiet) |
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what is the antidepressant that blocks reuptake/down regulates norepinephrine and serotonin, works fairly well, but has many undesirable side effects?
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tricyclics
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what medication is prescribed after tricyclics, has fewer side effects, but has interactions with certain food and other medications?
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MAO inhibitors
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what is the medicine of choice for depression that blocks reuptake of serotonin and has sexual dysfunction as a side effect?
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SSRIs
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venlafaxine is similar to what type of antidepressant?
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tricyclics
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nefazodone is similar to what type os antidepressant?
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SSRIs
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what type of medication in St. John's Wort?
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herbal supplement
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what is a common salt used to treat those with bipolar disorder?
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lithium (can be lethal if given too much)
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what is the most frequently prescribed medicine for mania?
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valproate (has fewer side effects than lithium)
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ECT is used for the treatment of what?
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severe depression
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what are some gender differences when it comes to suicide?
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-women are 3 to 4 times more likely than men to attempt suicide
-men are 4 to 5 times more likely to be successful with suicide |
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what are suicide ideations?
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thoughts about committing suicide
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what type of suicide is socially sanctioned in some cultures when one has embarrassed self or family?
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altruistic suicide
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what type of suicide results from lost support groups and the feeling of being alone?
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egoism (common in elderly)
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what type of suicide results from major life event stress that tends to involve embarrassment or humiliation?
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anomic
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what type of group suicide results from a person's hopelessness and loss of the feeling of control over a person's identity?
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fatalistic
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if a person has the means and access to suicide, their risk increases. true or false
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true
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what are some risk factor to suicide?
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-family history
-low serotonin levels -preexisting disorder -alcohol -past suicide behavior -shameful/humiliating stressor -suicide publicity and media coverage |
