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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Technique of two different types of therapy
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-Psychoanalytic therapy:Psychoanalytic therapy releases repressed emotions and experiences. i.e-making the unconscious conscious. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts. Psychoanalytic therapists generally spend time listening to patients, talk about their lives, which is why this method is often referred to as "talk therapy".Therapist will look for patterns or significant events that may play a role in the clients current difficulties. Criticism-time consuming, expensive and generally ineffective.Benefits-empathetic and nonjudgmental environment where clients feel safe , revealing feelings or actions that led to stress or tension. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-focuses on specific problems. Cognitive therapist work with clients in order to change thought patterns. Effective for clients suffering from depression or anxiety. For example: therapist working with a client to overcome fear of heights. The therapist would encourage teh client to gradually face their fear of heights through experience. The client would then slowly be exposed to greater and greater levels of fear until the phobia diminished. Benefits-can be highly effective when treating specific problems. Oftentimes, cognitive and behavioral approaches are combined when treating disorder. |
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Normal vs. Abnormal |
A person'strait, thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it is rare orstatistically unusual. For instance onemay say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQin society is abnormal.
However this definition obviously has limitations, itfails to recognize the desirability of the particular behavior. Going backto the example, someone who has an IQ level above the normal average wouldn'tnecessarily be seen as abnormal, rather on the contrary they would be highlyregarded for their intelligence. Under thisdefinition, a person's thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it violatesthe (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behavior in aparticular social group. Their behavior may be incomprehensible to others ormake others feel threatened or uncomfortable. However, social behavior variesmarkedly when different cultures are compared. |
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Validity and Reliability of Diagnosis |
The purpose of diagnosis is to find treatment for the patient. Rosenhan (1973)-On being sane in insane places Rosenhan wanted to see if psychiatrists could distinguish between "abnormal" and "normal" behavior.His study challanged the reliabilty and validity of psychiatric diagnosis and showed the consequences of being labeled as "insane".In this study eight pseudo-patients were diagnosed as suffering from severe psychological disorders but they were in reality imposters. Sometimes patients have symptoms that relate to different psychological disorders so it can be difficult to make a valid diagnosis. |
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Culture and Ethical considerations in diagnosis |
Culture may influence psychiatric diagnosis in several ways. -Different cultural groups have different attitudes to psychological disorders that might influence the reporting of symptoms and diagnosis. -Cultural bias: clinician does not observe certain symptms because he or she is not familiar with the expression of distress in a particular culture. -Culture-bound syndrome:disorders that are specific to a particular culture could be difficult to recognize and prevent people from being treated. |
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Symptoms and prevalence of two disorders (Anxiety, affective, or eating disorders) |
Affective disorder:Major depression Physiological:Fatigue or loss of energy Cognitive:Feeling of worthlessness;difficulties concentrating Emotional:Distress and sadness, loss of interest in the world Behavioral:Disturbed sleep patterns. The national comorbidity study (1994) found that prevalence for lifetime major depression in the USA was 17.1% Eating disorder:Bulimia Nervosa Physiological:Nutritional deficiencies;fatigue Cognitive:Distorted body image, low self-esteem Emotional:Fat phobia. Behavioral:Self-starvation in combination with binge eating. |
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Describe a therapy from the cognitive perspective |
Personalconstruct psychology (PCP) theory of personality and cognition developed by GeorgeKelly in the 1950s.
From thetheory, Kelly derived a psychotherapy approach and also a technique called therepertory grid interview that helped his patients to uncover their own"constructs" (ways of seeing the world) with minimal intervention orinterpretation by the therapist. The repertory grid was later adapted forvarious uses within organizations, including decision-making and interpretationof other people's world-views. |
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Gender Variation |
Womenare diagnosed as having a depressive disorder significantly more frequentlythan are men and, with a few exceptions, report more depressive symptoms thando men in most geographical areas of the world.
Thereare several different arguments as to why there is this difference inprevalence of Major depressive disorder in women. Bymost indicators, women's economic status is lower than men's. It could be thatthe differences observed in rates of depression in men and women are the resultof differences in socioeconomic status instead of gender differences. Ensel(1982) tested for this possibility by comparing men's and women's mean scoreson a depression scale, controlling for income level, education level, andoccupation. In both of these studies, women still had more depressed meanscores than men after all these socioeconomic indicators were taken intoaccount. McGrathet al (1990) argue that women are more likely to encounter such stressful lifefactors as physical and sexual abuse, poverty, single parenthood, and sexualdiscrimination. |
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Therapy:how do we know its effective? |
When psychologists describe symptom of adisorder:
AffectiveSymptoms: emotional elements, fear, sadness, anger BehavioralSymptoms: observational behavior, crying, physical withdrawal CognitiveSymptoms: ways of thinking, pessimism, personalization, self image SomaticSymptoms: physical symptoms, facial twitching, stomach cramping For classification systems to be valid,it should classify real pattern symptoms leading to effective treatment Some psychiatrists introduce their ownclassification systems· -DSM V system was 64% reliability -ICD 10 system was 36% reliability |
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Cognitive vs.Psychoanalytic theory |
While both aim toreduce symptoms and distress, perhaps the most central difference between CBT and psychodynamic therapy is thatpsychodynamic therapy tries to get at why you feel or behavethe way you do whereas CBT does not. CBTsimply attempts to alleviate suffering as quickly as possible by training yourmind to replace dysfunctional thought patterns, perceptions, and behavior(without asking more about them) with more realistic or helpful ones in orderto alter behavior and emotions.
Features of CBT: - Time-limited (twelve weeks to six months). - It is highly structured and directed with the therapist setting the agenda for each session (based on mutually set goals). - It focuses on the here-and-now only and not a person’s history. Features of Psychodynamic Therapy: -six months or longer - less structured, typically without homework assignments. - The client, not the therapist sets the agenda for the session by talking about whatever is on their mind. It focuses on the here-and-now as well as on personal history. |
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Examine biomedical, individual and group approaches to treatment |
Biomedical approach- The biomedical approach to treatment is based on the assumption that if a mental problem is caused by biological malfunctioning, the cure is to restore teh biological system with drugs.i.e-sertonin hypothesis:suggests that depression is linked to low levels of neurotransmitter serotonin.Antidepressant treatment should therefore aim to regulate these levels. Individual Therapies - Therapist works one on one with client· Mostly includes cognitive therapy, wheretherapist changes clients negative thinking patterns More personal than drug therapy, and theperson may feel more like a patient Highly individualized to meet the needof the client Most commonly used and research shows ithas positive effect Group Therapies- Group of clients meet with one or moretherapists Useful for some groups to come togetherto share experiences in group sessions Advantages to grouptherapy: Less expensive Client is less dependent on thetherapist Helps clients realize they're not alone- clients usually feel that they are stressed because they are outside the normwith unique and insurmountable problems Disadvantages to group therapy: ~ Unwilling to disclose personalinformation to the group Group dynamics - individual feeling thatthey are not heard in the group / others getting higher priority from thetherapist |
