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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a mental illness? |
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable |
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What are the three methods to detect abnormal behavior? |
Statistical deviation, Deviation form social norms, and Maladaptive behavior |
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What is the definition of Investigative Psychology and what is criminal profiling? |
It’s the application of psychology to criminal. Criminal profiling is the process of identifying personality traits, behavioral tendencies, physical location, demographic or biographical descriptors of an offender(s) based on crime scene characteristics |
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What are the goals of profiling? |
To narrow the field of possible suspects and to predict who the offender(s) are and where/how the next crime may occur |
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What are the issues of counting profiling as a science？ |
Lack of consensus, practical issues (sensitivity and confidentiality of cases), ego/territorial issues (differences between districts), absences of uniform standards, more of an art |
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In profiling, what is organised-disorganized typology? |
It’s providing information on the offenders criminal sophistication and personality. Organized reflects offender who commits crime out of a need for power. Associated with Psychopathy. Disorganized reflects offender who commits crime out of passion, compulsion, frustration, or anxiety. Associated with psychosis. |
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What are the differences between disorganized and organized crime scenes? What are the criticisms with this typology? |
Organized is often planned, random, clean, with a lack of evidence. Disorganized is often spontaneous, familiar victim, sloppy, with an abundance of evidence. The issues involved are the oversimplification for use by untrained law enforcement officers, encouraging unsophisticated profiling, is a false dichotomy (too focused on either/or) |
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What is a M.O., Signature and The Polygraph (profiling) |
Method of Operation: How the crime was committed Signature: Expression of fantasy the killer leaves to satisfy emotional/psychological needs. Polygraph: Lie detector test |
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What is Schizophrenia? |
A mental illness that causes sensation that frighten a person with it and lead them to erratic behavior. Symptoms include Hallucinations (hearing/seeing crazy things), Delusions (thinking crazy things), Catatonia (staying still and paralyzed). Diagnosis based on persons history and symptoms. Lasts from days to years. Treated by medication and therapy (typically CBT) |
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What are the costs and benefits of disclosing mental illness? |
Pros: Could gain support/treatment and could help other gain support Cons: Could face discrimination or cause worry. Could also join group of people that collectively ruin each other’s mental health |
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What are some risk factors associated with depression? |
Isolation, a lack of focus, deviation from usual activities, overwhelmed, guilty, irritable, lacking in confidence, indecisive, sad, insomnia, weight change, change of appetite, headache pains, feeling run down, self-destructive behavior |
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What are the signs and symptoms of ODD and Conduct disorder? |
ODD - Refusal to obey rules, easily frustrated, angry, or annoying, deliberately try to annoy others, argues with adults (mainly disobedient) CD - lack of impulse control, lack of ability to plan ahead, lack of ability to learn from past mistakes, aggressive conduct, deceitful behavior, destructive behavior, violation of rules. (Mainly impulsive) |
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What is mental health? |
It is a state of well-being in which every person realizes their potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to their own community |
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In the brain? What does grey and white matter do? |
Grey matter - neuronal cell bodies; regions of the brain involved with muscle control, and sensory perception such as the five senses, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self control White matter - the tissue through which messages passes through from one area of grey matter to another |
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What is deep brain stimulation? |
The shocking of areas of the brain thought to cause brain activity considered abnormal using stimulating electrodes. It is used to combat Parkinson’s, dystonia (spasms), OCD and Epilepsy, with clinical trials being used to combat clinical depression |
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What are the different types of therapists? |
Clinical psychologist - doctoral degree in clinical psychology; provides therapy for people with mental disorders Counseling psychologist - doctoral degree in psychological or educational counseling; counsels people with milder problems Psychiatrist - provides therapy for people with mental illnesses and is the only one to prescribe biomedical treatment Psychoanalysist - any of the above with specific training in psychoanalysis Clinical social worker - councils patients social issues |
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What is pharmacotherapy |
The use of drugs to alleviate emotional disturbance grouped into; Antianxiety (minor tranquilizers) induces relaxation or reduces anxiety Antidepressants: elevates mood and combats depression Antipsychotics (major tranquilizers) tranquilise and also reduce hallucinations and delusions |
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What is shock therapy and psychosurgery? |
Shock therapy - electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): induces convulsions to brain by electric shock. Based on belief that seizure alleviates depression by altering brain chemistry, temporary improvement only, causes permanent memory loss, last resort only Psychosurgery - any surgical alteration of the brain. Lobotomy: frontal lobes are cut from rest of brain, calms treatment resistant patients, not very successful Deep Lesioning: Small target areas in the brain destroyed by electrode |
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What is Psychotherapy? |
Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior or adjustment. Methods include: Psychoanalytic: attempts to resolve internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering Client-centered: nondirective and based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings Existential (humanistic): an insight therapy focusing on problems of existence such as meaning, choice and responsibilities; emphasizing making difficult choices in life. Behavior therapy: Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior Cognitive therapy: therapy that helps clients change thinking patterns that lead to problematic behaviors or emotions |
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What is involved with CBT (cognitive behavior therapy) and how does it work? |
It attempts to help people find new ways to behave by changing their thought patterns. The beliefs that CBT are based on involves; - unhelpful ways that people think and learn from lead to psychological problems - people can learn new habits that can relieve symptoms of mental and physical conditions and allow people to act in better ways |
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What are the criteria for sociopathy and psychopathy and what is the difference? |
Sociopathy: Low empathy/guilt, could form bonds, high emotional response to person bonded to getting hurt, a sociopath is generally nurture rather than nature, their antisocial behavior may diminish overtime Psychopathy: no empathy/guilt, can’t form bonds, never feels an emotional response, generally nature rather than nurture, antisocial behavior generally continues through life Both: Narcissism Superficial charm Dishonesty Manipulation Reckless risk taking Disregard for human life Repeated violation of the law |
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What was Rosenhan’s Sane in Insane Places (1973)? |
It was to test the reliability of staff in psychiatric hospitals to identify the sane from the insane. The first test sent 8 sane people into psych hospitals to act insane and see if hospital staff would believe them. The second test announced the arrival of fake insane patients into hospitals when in reality there were no fake patients. The test concluded that the staff in psychiatric care couldn’t properly identify insanity and that there was a segregation between staff and patients. |
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What is data triangulation? |
It attempts to validate data by obtaining data from two or more sources. It is used in order to increase validity of a diagnosis and decrease researcher bias. The development of diagnostic manuals to help classify disorders improves the objectivity of the diagnosis. However we will see that several factors influence the level of objectivity in diagnosis |
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What are the three major methods of clinical assessment? |
Neurological tests - tests to see if any brain damage or malfunction causes abnormal symptoms Clinical interview - gathers information about a persons past and current behavior, beliefs, attitudes, emotions and problems. Either structured or non structured. Personality tests - can include objective tests in which the patient directly answers questions and projecting tests in which the patient interprets ambiguous stimuli. Personality tests help clinicians evaluate a persons traits attitudes, emotions and beliefs |
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What are the different treatments associated with behavioral therapies? |
Operant conditioning - reinforcing (teaching a patient how to react to) certain behaviors with either positive reinforcement (the addition of a reward or punishment) or negative reinforcement (the absence of a punishment or reward) Classical conditioning - teaches the patient to pair a potent uncontrolled stimulus (US) with a neutral stimulus (NS), resulting in a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR) |
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What is the difference between systematic desensitization and flooding? |
Both are forms of classical conditioning: Systematic desensitization - gradually counter conditioning the maladaptive response to a situation or object by eliciting another response (relaxation). This is marked by creating a fear hierarchy, engaging in relaxation training, in order to experience a reciprocal inhibition which is where the relaxation cancels out the anxiety. There is a risk of dependence Flooding - the demonstration of the irrationality of a fear by putting a person in a situation where they face their fear at its worst. There is a risk of worsening the phobia |
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Why were the editions of the DSM changed? |
DSM-I - Psychoanalytical, accusations of establishing social control and labeling non-conformists DSM-II - Rosehans Insane Study (unability to properly identify mental health), homophobic, too much psychoanalysis and interpretation DSM-III - Overmedicalization and lack of clinical significance criterion; the fact that an individual needs to exhibit symptoms in order to be diagnosed DSM-IV - To describe a diagnosis in terms of five axes DSM-IV-TR - To remove the stupid axes DSM-5 - changed Roman numeral format to numbers to make newer editions and revisions easier |
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What are some psychoanalytic therapeutic techniques? |
Free association - saying whatever comes to mind, uncensored in order to encourage unconscious material to emerge Dream analysis - dreams express forbidden desires and unconscious feelings. Includes: Latent content; hidden symbolism. Manifest content; obvious, visible meaning. Dream symbols; images with personal or emotional meanings Resistance: analysis of blockage in flow of ideas; topics the client resists thinking about it discussing. Resistances reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts Transference: tendency to transfer feelings to a therapist that match those the patient has for important people in their past such as a rejecting father or a ex lover |
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Why were the editions of the DSM changed? |
DSM-I - Psychoanalytical, accusations of establishing social control and labeling non-conformists DSM-II - Rosehans Insane Study (unability to properly identify mental health), homophobic, too much psychoanalysis and interpretation DSM-III - Overmedicalization and lack of clinical significance criterion; the fact that an individual needs to exhibit symptoms in order to be diagnosed DSM-IV - To describe a diagnosis in terms of five axes DSM-IV-TR - To remove the stupid axes DSM-5 - changed Roman numeral format to numbers to make newer editions and revisions easier |
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What are some psychoanalytic therapeutic techniques? |
Free association - saying whatever comes to mind, uncensored in order to encourage unconscious material to emerge Dream analysis - dreams express forbidden desires and unconscious feelings. Includes: Latent content; hidden symbolism. Manifest content; obvious, visible meaning. Dream symbols; images with personal or emotional meanings Resistance: analysis of blockage in flow of ideas; topics the client resists thinking about it discussing. Resistances reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts Transference: tendency to transfer feelings to a therapist that match those the patient has for important people in their past such as a rejecting father or a ex lover |
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How does behavioral therapy work? |
Behavior modification: using operant or classical conditioning to directly change human behavior Aversion therapy: associate a strong aversion to an undesirable habit |
