Abnormal Psychology

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Psychopathology

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"Field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders..." (2)

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Stigma

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"...the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner, such as people with mental illness." (2-3)

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Four characteristics of a Stigma

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(1) A distinctive label applied to group of people
(2) The label is associated with undersirable attributes
(3) People labelled are considered different
(4) People with label experience discrimination

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Mental Disorder

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"...a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or patterns...[This] includes a number of key features, including distress, disability or impaired functioning, violation of social norms, and dysfunction" (G7)

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Demonology

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Doctrine stating that evil spirit or being can inhabit and control person's mind and body.

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Exorcism

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A ritual believed to remove or cast out evil spirits of people who displayed odd behavior caused by supernatural possession.

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Hippocrates

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First person to link mental illness to a biological cause the brain. He separated medicine from demonology and witchcraft.

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How did Hippocrates classify mental illness?

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Three categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis or brain

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Describe Hippocrates view on the brain and normality

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Normal functioning of the brain depended on a balance between four fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Mental illness and disorders occurred because of an imbalance of humors or fluids.

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Malleus Maleficarum

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The guide to witch hunting. Literal translation is "the witches' hammer".

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Lunacy Trials

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Trials during the 13th century that determined the state of a person's mental health. The trials were held in England under the Crown's authority to protect those with mental disorders. The Crown became the guardian of those with mental illness and gained control of their estates.

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Lunacy

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Swiss term coined by physician Paracelsus that described a misalignment of the moon and stars as the reason for odd behavior.

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Asylums

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Refuges for people with mental illness

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Early Asylum that became a tourist attraction in London

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Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (1243), also called bedlam

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"Scene of wild uproar and confusion"

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Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem

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Philippe Pinel

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During French Revolution, reformed La Bicetre asylum in Paris. Introduced more humane care, focused primarily on "humanitarian treatment for upper classes". Removed chains. Used rooms instead of dungeons. Began to focus on treating humans rather than beasts.

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Dorothea Dix

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School teacher who after seeing poor prison conditions helped campaign for the building of 32 state hospitals. However, since the hospitals were under staffed, moral treatment was abandoned.

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General paresis

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"...syndrome characterized by a steady deterioration of both mental and physical abilities, including symptoms such as delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis." (14-15)

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Why was the connection between syphilis and general paresis significant?

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The discovery formed a connection between psychopathology and infection. Those with syphilis had brain damage and a form a psychopathology or general paresis. Perhaps other mental illnesses had a biological connection.

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Accredited for originating genetic research with twins

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Francis Galton

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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Treatment that requires electric shocks to be applied to the brain or sides of the head

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Believed hysteria was caused by an disruption in the distribution of universal magnetic fluid in the body

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Franz Anton Mesmer

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How did Franz Mesmer treat hysteria?

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He took iron rods and placed them on the affected or afflicted parts of his patients' bodies in order to adjust the distribution of magnetic fluid. Later Mesmer discarded rods and only looked at patients.

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How did Jean Martin Charcot treat hysteria?

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Hypnosis

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Cathartic Method

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The use of hypnosis to help patients recall and relieve traumatic and emotional tension.

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How did Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud treat Anna O., a woman with hysteria?

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Cathartic Method

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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Theory of Freud that described unconscious conflicts of the individual for the reason of psychopathology.

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How did Freud divide the mind or psyche?

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Id, Ego, Superego

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What is the biological energy of the id called?

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Libido

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According to the psychoanalytic theory, is one's energy (id) conscious or unconscious?

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Unconscious

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Pleasure Principle

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Manner in which the id seeks immediate gratification

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Is the ego unconscious?

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It is primarily conscious

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In what manner does the ego operate?

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Reality Principle: mediates between reality and demands of the id

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What did Freud call a person's conscience?

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Superego

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Defense Mechanism

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Strategy ego uses to decrease anxiety

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Repression

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Process of preventing impulses and thoughts from surfacing into consciousness or the ego

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Denial

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Not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness

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Projection

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Placing one's undesirable thoughts or feelings onto another

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Displacement

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Redirecting emotional responses from the real target to someone else

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Reaction Formation

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Doing the opposite of an unacceptable feeling

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Regression

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Displaying a behavioral pattern from an earlier stage in development

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Rationalization

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Making excuses for an unacceptable action or attitude

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Sublimation

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Changing unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors

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Three major techniques of psychoanalysis

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Free association, interpretation, and analysis of transference

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Free Association

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Saying whatever comes to mind

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Transference

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"The patient responds to the analyst in ways that the patient has previously responded to other important figures in his or her life, and the analyst helps the patient understand and interpret these responses." (19)

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Who created analytical psychology?

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Carl Jung

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What did Jung add to in addition to the personal unconsciousness?

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He added a collective unconsciousness that contains archetypes common to all people.

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What is the name of Alfred Adler's personality theory?

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Individual Psychology

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Behaviorism

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Concerned with observable behavior not consciousness

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Paradigm

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Conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works

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Types of Paradigms

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Genetic, Neuroscience, Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavioral

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Genes

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Genes make-up the 46 chromosomes. They are genetic carriers of DNA.

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Gene expression

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Process of turning on and off genes

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Polygenic

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Several genes operating sometimes at different times during development of a mental illness

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Heritability

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Extent to which variability of a behavior or disorder can be attributed to genetic factors. Ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. Applicable to population and not individual.

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Behavior Genetics

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Field of study focused on how genes and environmental factors affect behavior

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Genotype

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Total genetic makeup of an individual or physical sequence of DNA

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Phenotype

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Observable behavioral characteristics

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Changes over time and is the product of the interaction between the genotype and the environment

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Phenotype

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Molecular Genetics

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Identify specific genes and their functions to determine what is heritable

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Alleles

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Different forms of the same genes

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Polymorphism

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Refers to a difference in DNA sequence on a gene that has occurred in a population

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Gene-Environment Interactions

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A person's sensitivity to an environmental event is influenced by genes

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Epigenetics

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Study of how the environment can alter gene expression or function

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Reciprocal gene-environment interaction

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Circumstance in which genes promote certain types of environment. Genes may predispose one to seek out certain environments that then increase ones risk for developing a specific disorder.

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Neuroscience Paradigm

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Focused on the connection of mental disorders with unusual processes in the brain

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Psychodynamic Paradigm

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Includes psychoanalysis and variations of theory

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Pathogenic Beliefs

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Refers to maladaptive beliefs that contribute to psychopathology

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Implicit Memory

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Refers to idea that prior learning may influence a person

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Objects Relations Theory

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Considers how long-standing patterns of close relationships can influence the way one think or feel

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Attachment Theory

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An infant's style of attachment to his or her caregiver affects how they cope with psychological health or problems later in life

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Brief Therapy

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Short-term psychodynamic therapy that focuses on the patients current life circumstances and behavior

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Interpersonal Therapy

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Type of brief therapy that emphasizes the importance of current relationships in a person's life and how problems in these relationships can contribute to psychological symptoms

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Four interpersonal issues

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Unresolved grief, role transitions, role disputes, interpersonal or social deficits

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Three common assumptions of psychodynamic paradigm

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1. Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
2. There are unconscious influences on behavior
3. The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious

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Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm

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Related to studying learning principles and cognitive science

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Name two behavior therapy principles or treatment

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Time-out and Token economy

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What consequences are thought to generally reinforce and continue problem behavior in behavior therapy?

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Getting attention, escaping from tasks, generating sensory feedback, gaining access to desirable things are situations

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Time-out

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Moment when a person is sent for a period of time to a location were positive reinforcers (of problem behavior) are absent

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Token economy

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Tokens (i.e., stickers) are given for desired behavior; tokens can later be exchanged for desirable items and activities

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Systematic Densensitization

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Technique that involves deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to a list of feared situations

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Cognition

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Inclusion of the mental processes of perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, judging and reasoning

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What is the focus of cognitive science?

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Focus on how people and animals structure their experiences, how they make sense of them, and how they relate their current experiences to past ones that have been stored in memory

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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

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Incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes.

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Cognitive Restructuring

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Changing a pattern of thought believed to be the cause of a disturbed emotion or behavior.

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Schema

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A mental structure for organizing information about the world; an organized network of already-accumulated knowledge

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Aaron Beck

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Originally his cognitive behavior therapy focused on those with depression. He noticed that patients concentrated on negative schemas, which caused information-processing biases. His therapy addresses these biases by trying to persuade patients to change their opinions of themselves and the way they interpret life events. The goal is to alter a patients negative schemas.

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Albert Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

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Aim is to eliminate self-defeating beliefs that people may internalize and repeat to themselves ---unspoken assumptions or rational beliefs. Thought people should instead interpret the situation to see if there is some emotional reason. "Demandingness" became general concept for the musts or shoulds people impose on themselves and others. Ellis argued that demandingness is unrealistic, unproductive and creates emotional distress and behavioral dysfunction

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Diathesis-Stress Paradigm

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Integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors. Diathesis is the predisposition toward disease and the environmental or life disturbances is the stress

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Theory

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Set of propositions that explain and logically order a range of phenomena, generating testable predictions or hypotheses.

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Hypothesis

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Testable assumption

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Case Study

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Method of observing behavior by recording detailed information about one person at a time. This method lacks control and objectivity.

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Correlational Method

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Study of the relationship between two or more variables; measured as they exist in nature.

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Experiment

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Includes a manipulated independent variable, a dependent variable, preferably one control group, and random assignment.

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Correlation Coefficient

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Identifies the strength of a relationship

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Statistical Significance

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A result that has a low probability of having occurred by chance alone and is by convention regarded as important.

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Clinical Significance

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The degree to which the effect size is large enough to be meaningful in predicting or treating a clinical disorder.