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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abnormal Psychology |
study of people with psychological disorders |
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Biopsychosocial Model of Disorders |
3 aspects of abnormal behavior: biological: genetic, infectious diseases, poor nutrition etc., psychological: reactions to stress, thought processes & social: social & cultural context for what is "abnormal" |
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Diathesis-stress Model |
a mental disorder develops when a person with an underlying predisposition for a mental disorder experiences stressful circumstances |
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Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM, currently DSM-5) |
what disorders are there, can be 1 to be considered "abnormal", symptoms of disorders, has to impair everyday functions, 1. selfcare, 2. interfere with work & 3. social relationships |
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Criticisms of the DSM |
too many "disorders", ex. school phobia, uncertainty in diagnosis & continuum/dimensions would be better than categories/labels |
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Psychotherapy |
many types |
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Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
tries to change people's thoughts & behaviors to reduce problems, effectively reduces symptoms & learn new ones |
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Psychotropic Medications |
anti-anxiety, antidepressant & antipsychotic |
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Brain Stimulation |
not commonly used, for extreme depression, danger to yourself & antidepressants & therapy don't work |
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Careers In Treating Mental Disorders |
clinical psychologists: Ph.D or Psy.D; need a license to practice psychotherapy; helps people with serious psychological problems, Psychiatrist: M.D.; can prescribe medication; biological focus & Counselor: master's or doctorate; less serious psychological problems (e.g. adjustment issues) |
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Phobic Disorder (Phobia) |
irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
a diffused state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event & 3-4% of adults in America have this |
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Comorbid |
two disorders occur together (ex. panic disorder & agoraphobia) |
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Panic Disorder |
an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror (panic attacks), might think that their dying or having a heart attack, 1-3% of adults in America have this & has a biological predisposition |
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Agoraphobia |
fear of situations where escape is difficult or impossible |
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Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) & acts that the person feels driven to preform repeatedly (compulsions) & 2-3% of American has this |
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Operant Conditioning |
behaviors are increased or decreased based on what follows it (ex. negative reinforcement) |
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Genetic: Caudate Nucleus of the Basal Ganglia |
OCD runs in families, smaller in people with OCD & linked with obsessive thoughts |
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Streptococcal Infection |
linked to compulsive actions in children & actions went away when infection did |
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Cognitive-behavioral Therapy |
learn new behaviors, change thoughts & create good thoughts |
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Phobias: Systematic Desensitization (Exposure) |
get closer to fear & have nothing bad happen to get rid of fear |
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OCD: Exposure with Response Prevention |
exposure to a conditional stimulus for fear but prevent response from that & face fear to break links between compulsion & fear |
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Anti-anxiety-drugs/Tranquilizers |
reduce fear & increase GABA, inhibitory neurotransmitter, to slow brain down |
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Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
reduce anxious obsessive thoughts & block reuptake of serotonin so it stays |
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Major Depression |
severe negative moods & a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities, 20% of adults have this & runs in families |
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Biological Factors of Depression |
serotonin & left prefrontal cortex has less activity |
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Situational & Cognitive Factors of Depression |
interpersonal loss, multiple negative events, relationship problems & maladaptive cognitions |
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Antidepressants (SSRIs) |
many more prescriptions being written & placebos are just as affective for mild to moderate depression |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
storm of electrical activity, induce major brain activity, induce seizures & more humane now |
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Transcranial Magnetic Simulation (TMS) |
targets one area of the brain, stops area of brain which coil is over, no side effects & recently approved by FDA |
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Bipolar Disorder |
characterized by alternating periods of depression & mania, less than 1% of American has this, genetic in origin, in milder episodes the manic disorder will be really creative, depression lasts longer than mania, in twins if 1 has it the other has a 70% chance of having it also & hereditary (starts younger & can get more severe with each generation) |
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Treating Bipolar Disorder |
lithium, SSRIs (medicine) balances neurotransmitters in brain & CBT for commitment to medication |
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What Is Autism? |
ranges in terms of etiology & severity, characteristics: impaired social function, impaired communication (verbal or nonverbal), repetitive stereotypical behaviors, delays in developmental milestones, enhanced sensitivity to environment, physical health conditions, & lifelong difficulty: school, work, social environment, self help & developing relationships |
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How Common Is Autism? |
1 in 42 boys & 1 in 189 girls diagnosed every year, 3 million in the US & 10 million worldwide |
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What Causes Autism? |
many factors but can't relate it to a direct cause, genetic factors, environmental factors, prenatal factors, vaccination debate, correlation doesn't equal causation & no medicine for autism itself but can treat comorbid disorders |
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Treatment For Autism |
applied behavior therapy/analysis, occupational therapy, physical therapy & "floor time" |
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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) |
applied- meaningful to society, culture, life of individual, behavior- anything a person/organism does that can be observed or measured, is the study of environmental events that change behavior & behavior is observed & measured |
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Everyday ABC`s Of Behavior |
antecedent- happened before behavior, behavior- what did individual do & consequence- what did the individual get away from |
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What Does A Behavior Analyst Do? |
teaches skill acquisition |
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ABA In Society |
AIDS prevention, conservation of natural resources, safety skills & medical procedures |
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy |
change thoughts, create good thoughts |
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Brain stimulation |
for extreme depression, danger to yourself, antidepressants & therapy doesn't work |
