Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Context
|
circumstances surrounding a behavior
|
|
|
Cultural relativism
|
perspective holds that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal; instead, behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms
|
|
|
Drapetomania
|
sickness that caused slaves to desire freedom
|
|
|
Dysaesthesia aethiopois
|
disease in which slaves refused to work for their masters
|
|
|
Unusualness
|
a standard used to designate behaviors as abnormal, stating that behaviors that are rare are considered abnormal whereas behaviors that are typical are considered normal
|
|
|
Discomfort
|
states that behaviors should be considered abnormal only if the individual suffers discomfort and wishes to be rid of the behaviors
|
|
|
Mental illness
|
implies that there is a clear, identifiable physical process that differs from health and that leads to specific behaviors or symptoms
|
|
|
Maladaptive
|
cause people to suffer distress and prevent them from functioning in daily life are abnormal and should be the focus of research; 3 components: dysfunction, distress, and deviance
|
|
|
Biological theories
|
saw abnormal behavior as similar to physical disease, caused by the breakdown of systems in the body and the appropriate cure was the restoration of the body to good health
|
|
|
Supernatural theories
|
saw abnormal behavior as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin and the cure was religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and atonement
|
|
|
Psychological theories
|
saw abnormal behavior as a result of traumas, such as bereavement or chronic stress and the cure was relaxation, rest, a change in environment, and certain herbal medicines
|
|
|
Trephination
|
used during the stone age to treat abnormality and consisted of drilling holes into the skulls of people displaying abnormal behavior to allow the spirits to depart
|
|
|
General paresis
|
disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
study of the unconscious
|
|
|
Behaviorism
|
study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior
|
|
|
Cognitions
|
thought processes that influence behavior and emotion
|
|
|
Self-efficacy beliefs
|
people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events
|
|
|
Patients' rights movement
|
large vocal movement in the 1960s that advocated deinstitutionalization
|
|
|
Deinstitutionalization
|
argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community with the support of community based treatment facilities
|
|
|
Community mental health movement
|
launched by John Kennedy in 1963 that attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community based centers
|
|
|
Managed care
|
loose collection of methods for organizing health care that ranges from simple monitoring all the way to total control over what care can be provided and paid for; the goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems before they arise
|
|
|
Biological approach
|
mental disorders are caused by biological factors like genetic vulnerability to a disorder that is inherited from parents
|
|
|
Cerebral cortex
|
area of the brain involved in many of our most advanced thinking processes
|
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
regulated eating, drinking, and sexual behavior as well as influencing basic emotions
|
|
|
Limbic system
|
collection of structures that are closely interconnected with the hypothalamus and appear to exert additional control over some of the instinctive behaviors regulated by the hypothalamus, such as eating, sexual behavior, and reactions to stressful situations
|
|
|
Neurotransmitters
|
biochemicals that act as messengers, carrying impulses from one neuron, or nerve cell, to another in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
|
|
|
Synapse
|
gap between the synaptic terminals and the adjacent neurons which is where the neurotransmitter is released and then it binds to receptors
|
|
|
Receptors
|
molecules on the membranes of adjacent neurons
|
|
|
Reuptake
|
when the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter, decreasing the amount left in the synapse
|
|
|
Degradation
|
when the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals
|
|
|
Serotonin
|
a neurotransmitter that regulates emotions and impulses, such as aggression
|
|
|
Dopamine
|
a neurotransmitter that is prominent in areas of the brain that regulate our experience of reinforcements or rewards, and is affected by substances, such as alcohol, that we find rewarding
|
|
|
Norephinephrine
|
neurotransmitter when there is too little in the brain, a person's mood is depressed
|
|
|
Gammaaminobutyric acid - GABA
|
neurotransmitter that inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Endocrine system
|
system of glands that produces hormones
|
|
|
Hormones
|
carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress
|
|
|
Pituitary
|
master gland because it produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretion of other endocrine glands
|
|
|
Behavior genetics
|
study of genetics of personality and abnormality and concerns two questions: to what extent are behaviors or behavioral tendencies inherited and what are the processes by which genes affect behavior
|
|
|
Polygenic process
|
takes multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a disorder
|
|
|
Family history study
|
first scientists identify people who clearly have the disorder in question (probands) and a control group of people that clearly do not have the disorder; then they trade family pedigrees of the two groups to determine how many relatives have the disorder
|
|
|
Monozygotic twins
|
share 100% of their genes
|
|
|
Dizygotic twins
|
share an average of 50% of their genes
|
|
|
Twin studies
|
use of twins to understand if a disorder is entirely genetic because of one MZ twin has it, the other would as well
|
|
|
Concordance rate
|
probability that both twins have the disorder if one twin has it
|
|
|
Adoption study
|
researchers identify people that have a disorder and were adopted shortly after birth and then determine if they both have the disorder which can show the disorder is genetically based
|
|
|
Psychodynamic theories
|
suggest that all behavior, thoughts, and emotions are influenced to a large extent by unconscious process
|
|
|
Psychological approach
|
suggests that symptoms are rooted in psychological factors such as belied systems of early childhood experiences
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
Freud developed and is a theory of personality and psychopathology, a method of investigating the mind, and a form of treatment for psychopathology
|
|
|
Catharsis
|
release of emotions connected with memories when someone says them aloud
|
|
|
Repression
|
motivated forgetting of a difficult experience or an unacceptable wish
|
|
|
Libido
|
sexual drive
|
|
|
Id
|
its drives and impulses seek immediate release
|
|
|
Pleasure principle
|
id operates under this to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, as quickly as possible
|
|
|
Primary process thinking
|
wish fulfillment - when direct action cannot be taken, humans use fantasies or memories to conjure up the desired object or action
|
|
|
Ego
|
the force that seeks to gratify wishes and needs in ways that remain within the rules of society for their appropriate expression
|
|
|
Reality principle
|
ego follows this; the drive to satisfy our needs within the realities of society's rules
|
|
|
Secondary process thinking
|
rational deliberation - ex: a preschooler may wish to suckle but know it can't so cuddles instead
|
|
|
Superego
|
made up of conscience and ego ideal; develops from the ego later in childhood and is the storehouse of rules and regulations for the conduct of behavior that are learned from parents and society
|
|
|
Conscience
|
evaluates whether we are conforming our behavior to our internalized moral standards
|
|
|
Ego ideal
|
image of the person we wish to become, formed from images of those people with whom we identified in our early years
|
|
|
Unconscious
|
where most interactions of the id, ego, and superego occur - out of our awareness
|
|
|
Preconscious
|
buffer between the unconscious and conscious
|
|
|
Introject
|
we internalize these moral standards because following them makes us feel good and reduces anxiety
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms
|
strategies that the ego uses to disguise or transform unconscious wishes
|
|
|
Neurotic paradox
|
when a person's behavior becomes ruled by defense mechanisms or when the mechanisms themselves are maladaptive, the defense mechanisms can result in abnormal, pathological behavior
|
|
|
Psychosexual stages
|
as children develop they pass through a series of universal stages - Freud
|
|
|
Oral stage
|
lasts for the first 18 months following birth in which libidinal impulses are satisfied through stimulation in the mouth area
|
|
|
Anal stage
|
lasts from 18 months to 3 years in which the focus of gratification is the anus
|
|
|
Phallic stage
|
from 3-6 in which the focus of pleasure is its genitals
|
|
|
Oedipus complex
|
boys become sexually attracted to their mothers and hate their fathers as rivals
|
|
|
Castration anxiety
|
boys fear their fathers will retaliate against them for being attracted to their mothers by castrating them and so the child then aspires to become like their fathers
|
|
|
Electra complex
|
girls develop an attraction for their fathers in hopes that their fathers will provide the penis they lack
|
|
|
Penis envy
|
women's behavior is driven by the wish to have a penis
|
|
|
Latency stage
|
libidinal drives are quelled; their attention turns to developing skills and interest and becoming socialized and avoid children of the opposite sex
|
|
|
Genital stage
|
age of 12; children's sexual desire emerge again
|
|
|
Object relations theory
|
our early relationships create images of ourselves and others and we carry these images throughout adulthood and they affect all our subsequent relationships
|
|
|
Undifferentiated stage
|
newborn has only an image of the self and no sense that other people and objects are separate from the self; it believes that itself and the caregiver are one and that everything it feels or wants the caregiver feels or wants
|
|
|
Symbiosis
|
infant still does not distinguish between self and other but does extinguish between good and bad aspects of the self-plus-other image
|
|
|
Separation-individuation
|
child begins to differentiate between the self and the other but it's images of the good self and the bad self are not integrated and it focuses on the good or bad self exclusively
|
|
|
Integration stage
|
the child distinguishes the self and integrates the good and bad images of the self and the other into complex representations
|
|
|
Splitting
|
people that never fully resolve stages 2 and 3 think that the self is all good or all bad
|
|
|
Social approach
|
look to interpersonal relationships and the social environment for causes of mental disorders
|
|
|
Vulnerability-stress models
|
a person must carry a vulnerability to the disorder in order to develop it; This can be biological, like a genetic predisposition to the disorder, or a psychological one, like a personality trait that increases person's risk of developing the disorder or a history of poor interpersonal relationships
|
|
|
Behavioral theories
|
focus on the influences and reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior
|
|
|
Classical conditioning
|
Pavlov's experiment; paired a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally leads to a certain response and eventually the neutral stimulus was able to elicit the response
|
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus
|
the stimulus that naturally produced the desired response
|
|
|
Unconditioned response
|
response created by the unconditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Conditioned stimulus
|
the previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response
|
|
|
Conditioned response
|
response that was elicited from the conditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Operant conditioning
|
shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors and punishments for undesired behaviors; Skinner
|
|
|
Continuous reinforcement schedule
|
behaviors are learned most quickly if they are paired with the reward or punishment every time the behavior is emitted
|
|
|
Partial reinforcement schedule
|
reward or punishment occurs only sometimes in response to the behavior
|
|
|
Extinction
|
elimination of a learned behavior; More difficult when the behavior has been learned through a partial reinforcement schedule than it is when the behavior has been learned through a continuous reinforcement schedule
|
|
|
Social learning theory
|
Bandura - people can learn behaviors by watching other people
|
|
|
Modeling
|
people learn new behaviors from imitating the behaviors modeled by important people in their lives
|
|
|
Observational learning
|
when a person observes the rewards and punishments that another person receives for his or her behavior and then behaves in accord with those rewards and punishments
|
|
|
Cognitive theories
|
argue that thoughts and beliefs shape our behaviors and the emotions we experience
|
|
|
Casual attribution
|
when something happens to us, this is the answer to the question why
|
|
|
Control theory
|
focuses on people's expectations regarding their abilities to control important events
|
|
|
Self-efficacy
|
person's belief that he or she can successfully execute the behaviors necessary to control desired outcomes
|
|
|
Global assumptions
|
we have broad beliefs about how things work which can either be positive and helpful or negative and destructive
|
|
|
Humanistic theories
|
focus on the person behind the cognitions, behaviors, and the unconscious conflicts; Based on the assumptions that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and that pressure from society to conform interferes with this
|
|
|
Self-actualization
|
Rogers - fulfillment of one's potential for love, creativity, and meaning
|
|
|
Client-centered therapy
|
designed to help people realize their genuine selves, accept themselves entirely, and begin growing toward self-actualization
|
|
|
Existential theories
|
humans are in control and have the capacity and responsibility to direct their lives in meaningful and constructive ways; also believe that goals in human growth are the discovery of one's own values and meaning and the living of one's life by these values; Put more emphasis on the difficulties inherent in self-actualization, recognizing that society puts many obstacles in the way of living according to one's own values
|
|
|
Interpersonal theories
|
Adler - the primary motivation of humans is to belong to an participate in social groups; emphasizes social motives and social forces more than sexual drives shape human's behaviors
|
|
|
Prototypes
|
images of the self and others in relation to the self
|
|
|
Family systems theories
|
therapies focus on the family and see that family as a complex system which works to maintain homeostasis
|
|
|
Inflexible family
|
resistant to and isolated from all forces outside the family
|
|
|
Enmeshed family
|
each member is too greatly involved in the lives of the other members, to the point that individuals do not have personal autonomy and can feel controlled
|
|
|
Disengaged family
|
members pay no attention to each other and operate as independent units isolated from other family members
|
|
|
Pathological triangular relationships
|
parents avoid dealing with conflicts with each other by always keeping their children involved in their conversations and activities
|
|
|
Social structural theories
|
suggest that we need to look beyond the family to the larger society to find causes of psychopathology in individuals; Society can create stresses on individuals that increase their risk for psychopathology; Some people live in more chronically stressful circumstances than others and these people are at a greater risk of psychopathology; Societies may influence the types of psychopathology their members show by having implicit or explicit rules about what types of abnormal behavior are acceptable and in what circumstances
|
|
|
Assessment
|
process of gathering information about people's symptoms and the possible causes of those symptoms
|
|
|
Diagnosis
|
label attached to a set of symptoms that tend to occur with one another
|
|
|
Differential diagnosis
|
determination of which of several possible disorders an individual may be suffering by assessing cognitive functioning and intellectual abilities
|
|
|
Acculturation
|
the extent to which a person identifies with his or her group of origin and its culture or with the dominant, mainstream culture
|
|
|
Unstructured interview
|
only has a few open ended questions like "tell me about yourself"
|
|
|
Structured interview
|
clinician asks the respondent a series of questions about symptoms he or she is experiencing or has experienced in the past; it is structured and standardized
|
|
|
Resistance
|
the individual being assessed does not want to be treated and may be resistant in providing information
|
|
|
Validity
|
accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure
|
|
|
Face validity
|
on face value the items seem to be measuring what the test is intended to measure
|
|
|
Content validity
|
extent to which a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon that it purports to measure
|
|
|
Concurrent validity
|
extent to which a test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts, or feelings
|
|
|
Predictive validity
|
good at predicting how a person will think, act, or feel in the future
|
|
|
Construct validity
|
extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure, not something else altogether
|
|
|
Reliability
|
indicator of the consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure
|
|
|
Test-retest reliability
|
an index of how consistent the results of a test are over time
|
|
|
Alternate form reliability
|
when people's answers to these different forms of a test are similar
|
|
|
Internal reliability
|
when there is similarity in people's answers among different parts of the same test
|
|
|
Interrater reliability
|
different raters or judges who administer and score the interview or test should come to similar conclusions when they are evaluating the same people
|
|
|
Neuropsychological tests
|
useful in detecting specific cognitive and fine-motor deficits, such as an intentional problem or a tendency to ignore items in one part of the visual field
|
|
|
Computerized tomography - CT
|
enhancement of X-ray procedures; provides only an image of the structure of the brain rather than an image of the activity of the brain
|
|
|
Position-emission tomography - PET
|
can provide a picture of activity in the brain
|
|
|
Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI
|
provides more detailed pictures of the anatomy of the brain and can see the brain at any angle
|
|
|
Intelligence tests
|
used to get a sense of a client's intellectual strengths and weaknesses, particularly when mental retardation or brain damage is suspected
|
|
|
Symptom questionnaire
|
some can cover a wide variety of symptoms, representing several disorders while others are more specific; used to assess symptoms a patient can be feeling
|
|
|
Personality inventories
|
usually questionnaires that are meant to assess people's typical ways of thinking, feelings, and behaving
|
|
|
Projective test
|
based on the assumption that when people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, such as an oddly shaped inkblot, they will interpret the stimulus in line with their current concerns and feelings, their relationships with others, and their conflicts or desires
|
|
|
Behavioral observation
|
asses deficits in their skills or ways of handling situations
|
|
|
Self-monitoring
|
when a client keeps tack of the number of times he engages in a specific behavior
|
|
|
Axis I
|
major disorders with exclusion of mental retardation and personality disorders
|
|
|
Chronic
|
last long periods of time
|
|
|
Acute
|
more recent and abrupt onset of severe symptoms
|
|
|
Axis II
|
mental retardation or any personality disorders
|
|
|
Axis III
|
medical or physical diseases
|
|
|
Axis IV
|
rates the severity of the psychological stressors
|
|
|
Axis V
|
rates level at which client is able to function in daily life
|
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
involve a therapist talking with the person suffering from the disorder about his symptoms and what is contributing to the symptoms
|
|
|
Chlorpromazine
|
treats the symptoms of psychosis, the loss of touch with reality and hallucinations
|
|
|
Phenothiazines
|
used for many things among which is calm agitated patients and reduce tremors in patients with Parkinson's
|
|
|
Neuroleptic
|
drug that depressed the activity of the nervous system
|
|
|
Butyrophenone
|
reduce psychotic symptoms
|
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs
|
drugs that relieve symptoms of psychosis
|
|
|
Antidepressants
|
drugs that treat the symptoms of depression
|
|
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
|
antidepressant drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase in the brain which results in higher levels of neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
acts more selectively on serotonin receptors; antidepressants
|
|
|
Lithium
|
used to treat mania
|
|
|
Anticonculsants and calcium channel blockers
|
used to treat mania
|
|
|
Barbiturates
|
suppress the central nervous system, decreasing the activity of a variety of types of neurons
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
reduce symptoms of anxiety without interfering substantially with an individual's ability to function in every day life
|
|
|
Electroconvulsive therapy - ECT
|
originally treatment for schizophrenia but not successful; can treat depression
|
|
|
Prefrontal lobotomy
|
the frontal lobes of the brain were severed from lower centers of the brain in people suffering from psychosis
|
|
|
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
|
exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses with are focused on particular brain structures
|
|
|
Psychodynamic theories
|
focus on uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts that are thought to drive psychological symptoms; goal is to help clients recognize the maladaptive ways in which they have been trying to cope and the sources of their unconscious conflicts
|
|
|
Free association
|
a client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind, trying not to censor any thoughts
|
|
|
Resistance
|
material a client is reluctant to talk about
|
|
|
Transference
|
occurs when a client reacts to the therapist as if the therapist were an important person in the client's early development
|
|
|
Working through
|
going over and over through painful memories and difficult issues which help clients understand the memories
|
|
|
Catharsis
|
expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts
|
|
|
Therapeutic alliance
|
being empathic and supportive, and listening nonjudgmentally, the therapist creates a relationship of trust with the client which gives the client freedom and courage to explore difficult issues
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
typically involves 3-4 sessions a week over many years and the focus is on interpretations of transferences and resistances as well as on experiences in the client's past
|
|
|
Humanistic theory
|
person centered theory - help clients discover their greatest potential through self-exploration
|
|
|
Client centered therapy
|
Rogers - three essential ingredients; Therapist communicates a genuineness in his role as a helper to the client; Unconditional positive regard; Therapist communicates an empathic understanding of the client making it clear that he understands and accepts the client's underlying feelings and search for self
|
|
|
Reflection
|
method of responding in which the therapist expresses an attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate
|
|
|
Behavior therapies
|
focus on identifying the reinforcements and punishments contributing to a person's maladaptive behaviors and on changing specific behaviors
|
|
|
Behavior assessment
|
therapist works with the client to identify the specific circumstances that seem to elicit the client's unwanted behavior or emotional responses
|
|
|
Role-play
|
therapist takes the role of a person to whom the client feels she reacts badly
|
|
|
Systematic desensitization therapy
|
people develop fear and anxiety responses to previously neutral stimuli through classical conditioning and then, through operant conditioning, they develop behaviors designed to avoid triggers for that anxiety
|
|
|
Modeling
|
client watches therapist do what he wants the client to do later
|
|
|
In vivo exposure
|
goes in levels from least feared to most and tackles it one step at a time with calming exercises
|
|
|
Flooding - implosive therapy
|
exposing clients to feared stimuli or situations to an excessive degree while preventing them from avoiding the situation
|
|
|
Token economy
|
patient would receive a token each time he exhibited positive behavior and they could be exchanged for privileges
|
|
|
Response shaping
|
using operant conditioning - basically time out when child acts out and teaching child to socialize instead of misbehave for attention
|
|
|
Social skills training
|
helps people with a variety of problem in interacting and communicating with others
|
|
|
Cognitive therapies
|
focus on challenging people's maladaptive interpretations of events or ways of thinking and replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking; also help clients lean more effective problem solving techniques with the concrete problems in their lives
|
|
|
Behavioral assignments
|
help clients gather evidence concerning his beliefs, to test alternative viewpoints about the situation, and to try new methods of coping with different situations
|
|
|
Interpersonal therapy
|
focus on client's pattern of relationships with important people in his life
|
|
|
Family systems therapy
|
based on the beliefs that an individual's problems are always rooted in interpersonal systems, particularly families
|
|
|
Group therapy
|
members in a group share an experience and discuss their problems and attempt to help and support each other
|
|
|
Self-help groups
|
people who come together to deal with a common experience or need
|
|
|
Community mental health centers
|
intended to provide mental health care based in the community, often from teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care
|
|
|
Halfway houses
|
offer people with long-term mental health problems an opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment while they are trying to reestablish a job and ties to family and friends
|
|
|
Day treatment centers
|
allow people to obtain treatment all day as well as occupational and rehabilitative therapies but to live at home at night
|
|
|
Primary prevention
|
stopping the developing disorders before they start by reducing drug abuse, changing bad neighborhoods, etc
|
|
|
Secondary prevention
|
focused on catching disorders in their earliest stages and providing treatment designed to reduce their development
|
|
|
Psychosis
|
unable to tell the difference between what is real and what is unreal
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
at times, people think and communicate clearly but other times their thinking and speech are garbled, they lost touch with reality, and they are not able to care for themselves in basic ways
|
|
|
Positive symptoms - or type I symptoms
|
characterized by the presence of unusual perceptions, thoughts or behaviors
|
|
|
Negative symptoms - or type II symptoms
|
represent losses or deficits in certain domains
|
|
|
Delusions
|
ideas that an individual believes are true but are highly unlikely and often simply impossible
|
|
|
Persecutory delusion
|
people with these believe that they are being watched or tormented by people they know
|
|
|
Delusion of reference
|
people believe that random events or comments by others are directed at them
|
|
|
Grandiose delusions
|
beliefs that one is a special person or being or possess special powers
|
|
|
Delusions of thought insertion
|
belief that one's thoughts are being controlled by outside forces
|
|
|
Hallucinations
|
unreal perceptual experiences
|
|
|
Auditory hallucination
|
more common type of hallucination; people hear voices accusing them of evil deeds or threatening them
|
|
|
Visual hallucination
|
seeing objects or people that are not there
|
|
|
Tactile hallucinations
|
involve the perception that something is happening to the outside of one's body
|
|
|
Somatic hallucinations
|
involve the perceptions that something is happening side one's body
|
|
|
Formal thought disorder
|
disorganized thinking of people with schizophrenia
|
|
|
Word salad
|
person's speech so disorganized that it is incoherent to the listener
|
|
|
Smooth pursuit eye movement
|
eye tracking; keeping their eyes on a moving object
|
|
|
Working memory
|
capacity to hold information in memory and manipulate it
|
|
|
Catatonia
|
group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world
|
|
|
Catatonic excitement
|
person becomes widely agitated for no apparent reason and is difficult to subdue
|
|
|
Affective flattening
|
severe reduction in, or complete absence of, affective (emotional) responses to the environment
|
|
|
Alogia
|
reduction in speaking; person will not initiate speech and will only give short answers if asked
|
|
|
Avolition
|
inability to persist at common, goal-directed activities, including those at work, school, and home
|
|
|
Anhedonia
|
loss of interest in everything in life
|
|
|
Dementia praecox
|
premature deterioration of the brain
|
|
|
Paranoid schizophrenia
|
people with this have prominent delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosity
|
|
|
Disorganized schizophrenia
|
people with this do not have well-formed hallucinations or delusions; these people may speak in word salads and are prone to odd, stereotyped behaviors and might be disorganized and do not bathe, dress, or eat on their own
|
|
|
Catatonic schizophrenia
|
people with this show a variety of motor behaviors and ways of speaking that suggest almost complete unresponsiveness to their environment
|
|
|
Echolalia
|
senseless repetitions of words spoken by others
|
|
|
Echopraxia
|
repetitive imitation of the movements of another person
|
|
|
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
|
people with this have delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or negative symptoms but do not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia
|
|
|
Residual schizophrenia
|
people with this have had at least one acute episode of acute positive symptoms of schizophrenia but do not currently have any prominent positive symptoms
|
|
|
Perinatal hypoxia
|
oxygen deprivation during labor and delivery
|
|
|
Dopamine
|
neurotransmitter thought to play a role in schizophrenia
|
|
|
Phenothiazines
|
reduces symptoms of schizophrenia by reducing the functional level of dopamine in the brain
|
|
|
Mesolymbic pathway
|
sub cortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion
|
|
|
Atypical antipsychotics
|
work to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by binding to D4 receptors in the mesolimbic pathways, blocking the action of dopamine in the system
|
|
|
Social selection
|
symptoms of schizophrenia interfere with a person's ability to complete an education and hold a job so people tend to drift downward in social class
|
|
|
Expressed emotion
|
families with this are over involved with each other, overprotective of the disturbed family member, and voice self-sacrificing attitudes while being critical, hostile, and resentful of the disturbed family member
|
|
|
Chlorpromazine
|
calms agitation and reduces hallucinations and delusions in patients with schizophrenia
|
|
|
Akinesia
|
characterized by slow motor activity, monotonous speech, and an expressionless face
|
|
|
Akathesis
|
agitation that causes people to pace and be unable to sit still
|
|
|
Tardive dyskinesia
|
involves involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw
|
|
|
Agranulocytosis
|
deficiency of the substances produced by cone marrow to fight infection
|
|
|
Assertive community treatment programs
|
provide comprehensive services to people with schizophrenia, using the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet a variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day
|
|
|
Physiological, or somatic, symptoms
|
muscle tension, heart palpitations, stomach pain, and so on
|
|
|
Emotional symptoms
|
sense of fearfulness and watchfulness
|
|
|
Cognitive symptoms
|
unrealistic worries that something bad is happening or is about to happen
|
|
|
Behavioral symptoms
|
avoids situations because of fears
|
|
|
Adaptive fear
|
concerns are realistic; the amount of fear is in proportion to the reality of the threat; fear response subsides when the threat ends
|
|
|
Maladaptive fear
|
concerns are unrealistic; the amount of fear is out of proportion to the reality of the threat; concern is persistent when threat passes and have anticipatory anxiety about the future
|
|
|
Neurosis
|
Freud - disorders in which the anxiety aroused by unconscious conflicts could not be quelled or channeled by defense mechanisms
|
|
|
Panic attacks
|
hort but intense periods in which she experiences many symptoms of anxiety: heart palpitations, trembling, a feeling of choking, dizziness, intense dread, and so on
|
|
|
Panic disorder
|
when panic attacks become common, not provoked, and when a person worries about having more attacks and changes because of the panic attacks
|
|
|
Cognitive model
|
people prone to panic attacks pay close attention to their bodily sensations, misinterpret bodily sensations in a negative way, and engage in snowballing catastrophic thinking
|
|
|
Anxiety sensitivity
|
belief that symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences
|
|
|
Interoceptive awareness
|
heightened awareness of bodily cues that a panic attack may soon happen
|
|
|
Tricyclic antidepressants
|
improve functioning of norepinephrine system
|
|
|
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
increase the functional levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
suppress the central nervous system and influence functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy
|
getting clients to confront situations or thoughts that arouse anxiety in them
|
|
|
Systematic desensitization therapy
|
exposes the client gradually to the situations they most fear while helping them maintain control over their panic symptoms
|
|
|
Agoraphobia
|
fear crowded places as well as enclosed spaces, open spaces, or any place that they might have trouble escaping or getting help; usually the person has panic attacks and usually get to the point where they can't leave their homes
|
|
|
Specific phobias
|
most fall into one category: animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood-injection-injury type
|
|
|
Social phobia
|
people fear being judged or embarrassing themselves in front of other people
|
|
|
Psychodynamic theories
|
people become phobic of objects because they have displaced their anxiety over other issues onto the object
|
|
|
Behavioral theories
|
classical conditioning leads to the fear of the object and operant conditioning helps maintain the fear
|
|
|
Negative reinforcement
|
the avoidance of the phobia reduces the anxiety
|
|
|
Safety signal hypothesis
|
people remember vividly the places in which they have had panic attacks, even if panic attacks have come on by surprise, with and they associate these places with their symptoms and begin to feel these symptoms again if they return to these places
|
|
|
Prepared classical conditioning
|
it's easier to become phobic of things when our ancestors needed to avoid the creatures or such
|
|
|
Cognitive theories
|
focus on what's going wrong and not what's going right and judge themselves harshly; they have biases in attention and in evaluating situations
|
|
|
Biological theories
|
relatives of people with phobias are more likely to get phobias
|
|
|
Systematic desensitization
|
clients formulate lists of situations or objects they fear and they learn relaxation techniques and then they start with the least feared, using the relaxation techniques
|
|
|
Modeling techniques
|
therapist models the behaviors most feared by clients before they attempt the behaviors themselves
|
|
|
Flooding
|
intensively expose a client to his or her feared object until anxiety extinguishes
|
|
|
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
|
help clients identify and challenge the negative thoughts they have when they are anxious
|
|
|
Self-efficacy expectations
|
creating expectations in clients that they can master their problems
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
to reduce anxiety when forced to confront phobic objects
|
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
people who are anxious all the time in almost all situations; they worry about a lot of things
|
|
|
Realistic anxiety
|
occurs when we face a real danger or threat
|
|
|
Neurotic anxiety
|
occurs when we are repeatedly prevented from expressing out id impulses
|
|
|
Moral anxiety
|
occurs when we have been punished for expressing our id impulses and we come to associate those impulses with punishments, causing anxiety
|
|
|
Conditions of worth
|
harsh self-standards they feel they must meet in order to be acceptable
|
|
|
Existential anxiety
|
universal human fear of the limits and responsibilities of one's existence; Anxiety arises when we face the finality of death, the fact that we may unintentionally hurt someone, or the prospect that our lives have no meaning
|
|
|
Cognitive theories
|
people are focused on a threat from both the conscious and unconscious levels
|
|
|
Automatic thoughts
|
maladaptive assumptions that lead people with GAD to responds to situations with these thoughts that stir up anxiety, cause them to be hyper vigilant, and lead them to overreact to situations
|
|
|
Benzodiazepines
|
increase the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is a neurotransmitter that carries inhibitory messages from one neuron to another
|
|
|
Cognitive behavioral
|
focus on helping people confront the issues they worry most about and challenge their negative thoughts, and develop coping strategies
|
|
|
Buspirone
|
appears to alleviate symptoms of generalized anxiety for some people
|
|
|
Obsessions
|
thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent that the individual feels intrude upon his or her consciousness without control and that cause significant anxiety or distress
|
|
|
Compulsions
|
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform
|
|
|
OCD
|
classified as an anxiety disorder because people experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts and when they cannot carry out their compulsive behaviors
|
|
|
Caudate nucleus
|
allows only the strongest of impulses to carry through to the thalamus; People with OCD cannot turn off these impulses
|
|
|
Psychodynamic theories of OCD
|
particular obsessions are symbolic of unconscious conflicts that they are guarding against and these conflicts create anxiety in which they displace onto more acceptable thought or behavior
|
|
|
Cognitive-behavioral of OCD
|
people with OCD cannot turn off negative, intrusive thoughts
|
|
|
Cognitive behavioral treatment of OCD
|
focus on repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of the obsession and preventing compulsive responses to the anxiety aroused by the obsession
|
