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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the largest parenchymal organ in the body?
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liver
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The liver provides a what to better visualize such structures as the gallbladder and right kidney?
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acoustic window
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How much does the liver weigh?
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~1500 grams (around 3.5 pounds)
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What will lower the diaphragm and liver so it can be better visualized?
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deep inspiration
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What images are obtained during a routine examination of the liver?
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Sagittal (Longitudinal), Transverse, and Obliques
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What are the cells of the liver?
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hepatocytes
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What carries all the blood from the placenta to the fetus?
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left umbilical vein
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What develops as a shunt within the liver that connects the umbilical vein to the IVC?
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ductus venosus
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Postnatally the umbilical vein becomes the what?
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ligament of teres
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Postnatally, the ductus venosus becomes what?
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ligamentum venosum
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What are specialized phagocutic liver cells that engulf pathogens, cell debris, and damaged blood cells?
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Kupffer cells
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What are three types of cells of the liver?
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Kupffer, hepatocytes, and fibrous tissue
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What is the formation and development of blood cells?
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Hemopoiesis
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When does hemopoiesis generally first occur?
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during the sixth week of embryonic life
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The liver occupies a major portion of what?
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the right hypochondrium
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The liver is located in which quadrant of the abdomen?
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RUQ
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The liver extends inferiorly into the what; and laterally into the what?
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epigastrium; left hypochondrium
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The liver is bordered superiorly by what?
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the diaphragm
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The superior, anterior and posterior surfaces of the liver are all in contact with what structure?
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the diaphragm
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The liver is posteriorly bordered by what?
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the bony lumbar region of the abdominal wall
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The liver is divided into what three main lobes?
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Right, Left, and Caudate lobes
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Which lobe of the liver is the largest?
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right lobe
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The right lobe of the liver contains how much of the total liver parenchymal tissue?
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2/3
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Where is the right lobe of the liver located?
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close to the anterolateral abdominal wall/ between the seventh and eleventh rib
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The right lobe of the liver is divided into what two segments by what?
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anterior and posterior segments by the right intersegmental fissure
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What lies in the right intersegmental fissure?
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the Right Hepatic Vein
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The left lobe of the liver is closely related to the undersurface of what organ?
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the diaphragm
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The left lobe of the liver is located where?
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located in the midline and extends bilaterally meeting the right lobe right laterally and spleen (in some individuals) left laterally
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The left lobe is divided into what two segments by what?
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medial (quadrate) and lateral segments by the left intersegmental fissure
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The left intersegmental fissure contains what vessel?
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the Left Hepatic Vein
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What is the smallest lobe of the liver?
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Caudate (quadrate) lobe
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Where is the Caudate lobe located?
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posterior to the left lobe of the liver between the left lobe and IVC
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What separates the left lobe from the caudate lobe?
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the ligamentum venosum
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What lobe is located inferior to the caudate lobe and is sandwhiched between the left lobe and the gallbladder?
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Quadrate lobe
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The liver metabolizes, stores, and releases into blood system and bile vessels what three things?
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fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
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The liver supports what two systems?
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the digestive and excretory systems
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What two things does the liver form and secrete?
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bile and urea
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What three things does the liver store?
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minerals, vitamins, and blood
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What vitamin does the liver form?
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Vitamin A
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The liver metabolizes what?
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steroids
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The liver is responsible for the formation and excretion of what into what body system?
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lymph; lymphatic system
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The liver does what to drugs?
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degradation and detoxification of drugs out of the blood stream
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The liver absorbs intestinal venous blood components from the what?
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portal veins
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The portal veins drain what?
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the digestive tract, the pancreas, and the spleen
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Glucose is used by the liver to metabolize what?
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carbohydrates
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What is the formation and storage of glycogen?
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glycogenesis
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What is the conversion of glycogen into glucose?
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Glycogenolysis
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What is the main source of energy for the body?
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glucose
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Elevated levels of blood glucose is indicative of what?
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Diabetes mellitus
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What are metabolized in the liver to produce proteins?
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Amino Acids
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Fat metabolism synthesizes fatty acids out of what?
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carbohydrates
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Fat metabolism results in the formation of what? (2)
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Cholesterol and phospholipids
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What is the major component of bile?
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Cholesterol
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What is the major secretory function of the liver?
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secretion of bile
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What does bile consist of?
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Cholesterol, Bilirubin, and Biliverdin
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How much bile is secreted by the liver a day?
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1pint
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Where is the bile stored when the duodenum is empty?
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the gallbladder
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Bile is secreted by the liver and transported where?
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the hepatic ducts, common bile duct, and emptied into the duodenum
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The separation of what out of bile can accumulate to form gallstones?
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cholesterol
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Gallstones that obstruct the normal flow of bile from the liver can cause what?
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Biliary Jaundice
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What does the duodenum secrete to make the gallbladder contract?
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cholecystokinen
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What are the 5 F's that makes a person more prone to gallstones?
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Female, Fourty, Fat, Flatulent, Fertile
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A increase in what can cause an increase in liver disease, metastasis, and masses?
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Alkaline Phosphatase
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An increase in what can cause biliary obstruction?
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Bilirubin
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An increase in what can cause diffuse liver disease, fatty liver, and cirrhosis?
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AST or SGOT
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An increase in what can cause and increase in jaundice and hepatitis?
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ALT or SGPT
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Choledocholitiasis is caused by an increase in what?
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bilirubin
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The liver is covered by a tight, fibrous capsule called what?
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Glisson's capsule
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What is located on the posterior aspect of the liver and is the only portion of the liver that remains uncovered?
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bare area
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What courses through the bare area of the liver?
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IVC
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The liver consists of about 1 million lobules made up of what?
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portal triads
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What makes up a portal triad?
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the biliary duct (radicle), hepatic artery, and portal vein
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Structures that course between the lobes are called what?
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interlobar
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The liver can further be divided into what four segments?
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Right Anterior Segment,
Right Posterior Segment, Left Lateral Segment, Left Medial Segment |
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Structures that course between segments are called what?
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intersegmental
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Structures that run within the segments are called what?
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intrasegmental
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What separates the liver into eight surgical segments?
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Couindaud's Functional Segmental Anatomy
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What is the opening in the liver where the vascular supply, venous drainage, and bile ducts enter?
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liver hilum or porta hepatis
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What does the liver hilum consist of?
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Main portal vein, Common Hepatic artery, Common bile duct
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The main portal vein is always what?
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the most posterior structure and will usually be the largest
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The hepatic artery is found where?
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anterior and medial to main portal vein
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The common bile duct runs how?
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anterior and lateral to the main portal vein
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What is the Mickey Mouse sign?
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at transverse image taken at the porta hepatis will reveal CBD, HA, MPV
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Normal blood flow toward the liver is called what?
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hepatopedal
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Abnormal blood flow away from the liver is called what?
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hepatofugal
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Hepatofugal is seen in what cases?
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cases of portal hypertension
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What supplies 75% of the blood to the liver?
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Portal veins
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What percent of portal veins blood is oxygenated because of it coming from the intestine and spleen?
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80%
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Which portal vein enters at the porta hepatis?
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Main Portal Vein (MPV)
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Which portal vein enters at the porta hepatis?
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Main Portal Vein (MPV)
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Which portal vein branches into anterior and posterior segments?
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Right Portal Vein
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Which portal vein branches into medial and lateral branches?
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Left Portal Vein
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What enters the liver at the porta hepatis and is a branch of the celiac axis off of the aorta?
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Hepatic artery
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Portal veins are differentiated on sonography from hepatic veins by what?
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their thick echogenic (grey) walls
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Portal veins what in size as they approach the diaphragm?
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decrease
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Portal veins are what?
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intrasegmental
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Which hepatic vein drains the anterior and posterior segments of the right lobe?
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Right Hepatic Vein
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Which hepatic vein drains the right and medial left lobe?
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Middle Hepatic Vein
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What hepatic vein drains the medial and lateral segments of the left lobe?
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Left Hepatic Vein
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Hepatic vein what in size as they approach the IVC and diaphragm?
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increase in size
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Hepatic veins are what and what?
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interlobar and intersegmental
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Hepatic vein walls are difficult to see unless what?
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perpendicular incidence is achieved
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