Abdomen, Pelvis General Anatomy

Front 1

What is the order for a superficial cross section of the abdominal wall (superficial to deep (9 layers to abdominal cavity))

Back 1

Skin --> Camper's Fascia --> Scarpa's Fascia --> EO --> IO --> TA --> Transversalis fascia --> Extraperitoneal fat --> Parietal peritoneum

Front 2

What does Scarpa's fascia become inferiorly?

Back 2

Darto's fascia

Front 3

What does External oblique aponeurosus become?

Back 3

External spermatic fascia

Front 4

What does the internal oblique aponeurosus become?

Back 4

Cremasteric fascia

Front 5

What does TA aponeurosus become?

Back 5

Internal spermatic fascia

Front 6

What is the order of fascia above the arcuate line?

Back 6

EO --> IO --> RA --> IO --> TA--> Transversalis fascia

Front 7

What is the order of fascia below the arcuate line?

Back 7

EO --> IO --> TA --> RA --> Transversalis fascia

Front 8

What is a direct hernia? And what sex tends to get them?

Back 8

Goes through posterior inguinal wall --> thigh. More common in women

Front 9

What is an indirect hernia? And what sex tends to get them?

Back 9

Goes through deep ring and into patent process vaginalis --> into scrotum. More common in men.

Front 10

What is the difference between reducible, incarcerate, and strangulated hernias?

Back 10

Reducible - contents can be pushed back in. Incarcerate - Contents can't be pushed back because its twisted on itself. Strangulated- blood supply is compromised --> medical emergency

Front 11

What is the distinguishing line between pelvis and abdomen?

Back 11

Pubic symphysis and ASIS

Front 12

What are the 5 parts of the stomach?

Back 12

Cardiac, Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Pyloric sphinctor

Front 13

What is the function of the rugae?

Back 13

Fold in stomach to increase SA for absorption/secretion

Front 14

What are the 4 parts of duodenum

Back 14

Superior --> Descending --> Inferior --> Ascending

Front 15

What are plicae ciculares?

Back 15

Increases SA in duodenum

Front 16

What is the pathway for digestive enzymes to go from pancrease to duodenum?

Back 16

Pancreas --> Pancreatic duct --> Common bile duct --> Sphinctor of Odi

Front 17

Where does gall bladder pain refer to?

Back 17

scapula and T-spine. Need to figure out if it hurts more after eating

Front 18

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Back 18

Left, right, quadrate, caudate

Front 19

What are 3 major functions of the liver?

Back 19

Store glucose, detoxify intestinal blood, produces bile

Front 20

What does the celiac trunk supply (generally and specifically)

Back 20

Foregut- stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, duodenum

Front 21

Follow fecal matter from the cecum to the outside?

Back 21

Cecum --> ascending colon --> transverse colon --> descending colon --> sigmoid colon --> rectum --> anus

Front 22

What changes about the tissue from the sigmoid to the rectum?

Back 22

Only smooth tissue in rectum. No folds to increase SA like in sigmoid

Front 23

What is the function of mesentery? (x2)

Back 23

Hold/suspend organs, and contains fat and vessels

Front 24

What part of the autonomic nervous system controls GI tract the most? And what is this 'outflow' called?

Back 24

Parasympathetic. Cranial sacral outflow.

Front 25

What part of the sacrum does the craniosacral outflow come from, and what is this nerve called? and are they pre or post ganglionic?

Back 25

S2-S4, pelvic splanchnic nerve. Preganglionic parasympathetic.

Front 26

Where does the craniosacral outflow become postganglionic?

Back 26

Left colic flexure

Front 27

What limits the craniosacral outflow? Sympathetic or parasympathetic? And from what spinal levels?

Back 27

Thoracolumbar outflow- sympathetics. T1-L3

Front 28

What is GSA, GSE, GVE, GVA? and where are cell bodies of each?

Back 28

General somatic afferent (msk sensory, DRG), general somatic efferent (msk motor, anterior horns), general visceral afferent (visceral sensory, DRG), general visceral efferent (visceral motor, lateral horns)

Front 29

Why does visceral organ refer to the somatic system?

Back 29

They share DRG, and mind can't differentiate

Front 30

What is the order of blood leaving the liver to go to the IVC?

Back 30

Sinusoids --> Central veins --> Hepatic Veins --> Hepatic Vein --> IVC

Front 31

Why does portal hypertension occur?

Back 31

Portal vein becomes obstructed due to fibrosis/scarring/ hepatitis C, tumor

Front 32

Does the portal system have valves?

Back 32

no

Front 33

What are the 4 places that blood can back-flow into the IVC due to portal hypertension?

Back 33

Esophegeal verices, Superior rectal, L colic, Paraumbelical

Front 34

At what spinal level is the cisterna chyli found and where is it receiving it's drainage from?

Back 34

Found at level of L2. Receives lymph from LE and abdomen/pelvis

Front 35

What is unique about chyle lymph?

Back 35

Contains fat from digestion --> milky white color instead of clear

Front 36

What 4 (or 5 in some) muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?

Back 36

TA, QL, Psoas major, (& psoas minor), iliacus

Front 37

What is the medial arcuate ligament on the posterior abdominal wall made from?

Back 37

Fascia of psoas

Front 38

What is the lateral arcuate ligament on the posterior abdominal wall made from?

Back 38

Fascia of QL

Front 39

Where is the hylus of the kidney?

Back 39

where vessels enter into/come out of kidney

Front 40

How does urine empty from the kidneys?

Back 40

Medullary pyramids --> minor calyces --> major calyces --> renal pelvis --> ureter

Front 41

What is the relationship between the ureters and the common iliac vessels?

Back 41

Ureters run on top of

Front 42

From what ganglia does sympathetic innervation arise to innervate kidney?

Back 42

Aorticorenal ganglia

Front 43

What nerve supplies the parasympathetic innervation to the kidney and via what plexus?

Back 43

Vagus nerve, from renal plexus

Front 44

Why are renal arteries called 'end arteries?'

Back 44

They don't anastimos with anything

Front 45

What are the lumbar arteries supplying?

Back 45

Transverse abdominus

Front 46

What are the bones of the innominate?

Back 46

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 47

What forms the walls of the pelvic inlet?

Back 47

iliopectinial line of pubis (lateral), promontory of sacrum (posterior) , pubic symphysis (Anterior)

Front 48

What forms the walls of the pelvic outlet?

Back 48

Coccyx (posterior), ischial tuberosities (lateral), pubic symphysis (anterior), sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Front 49

What is the primary function of the SI joint?

Back 49

transfer body weight from spine to pelvis

Front 50

What are the walls of the pelvis (anterior, posterior, lateral, inferior)

Back 50

Anterior- pubic bones. Posterior- Sacrum, coccyx, piriformis & fascia. Lateral- Innominate bone, sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, obturator internus. Inferior- levator ani, coccygeus and GI/GU/reproductive openings

Front 51

What are the 3 primary differences between male and female pelvis's?

Back 51

Women: wider pelvic angle, wider pelvic brim, smaller coccyx/sacrum

Front 52

What pelvic fascia ligaments hold the bladder in place (hint: different from men and women)

Back 52

Women: Pubovesicle. Male: Puboprostatic

Front 53

What are the 'finger-like' structures around the fallopian tubes called?

Back 53

Fimbreae

Front 54

What is the name of the ligament that suspends the uterus?

Back 54

Broad ligament of the uterus

Front 55

What ganglia does the sympathetic nerves of the pelvis come from?

Back 55

Ganglion impar

Front 56

Where does the parasympathetic nerves of the pelvis come from and what spinal levels? What are the 2 main plexuses in this area and what do they innervate?

Back 56

Pelvic splanchnic from S2-S4. Superior hypogastric plexus --> hindgut. Inferior hypogastric plexus --> innervates pelvic viscera

Front 57

What are the 3 columns of the penis and what are their respective functions and what respective muscles cover them?

Back 57

2 are corpus cavernosum --> erectile tissue that fills with blood, covered by ischiocavernosus muscle. Other is corpus spongiosum --> surrounds urethra, covered by bulbospongiousus muscle.

Front 58

What makes up the pelvic diaphgragm?

Back 58

Levator ani, fascia, coccygeus

Front 59

What makes up the urogenital diaphragm?

Back 59

fascia and muscle of urogenital system

Front 60

Is the GU system innervated by pre or post ganglionic structures?

Back 60

Post- ganglionic