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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paradigm |
Perspective or conceptual framework from within which a scientist operates -no one paradigm sufficient to completely explain psychopathology |
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Paradigm: Neuroscience |
Examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology (Mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.) |
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Three major components of the Neuroscience Paradigm |
-Neurons and neurotransmitters -Brain structure and function -Neuroendocrine system |
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The HPA Axis of the Neuroendocrine System |
-HPA axis involved in stress (Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Adrenal cortex) |
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Hypothalamus |
triggers release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF) |
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Pituitary gland |
releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Adrenal cortex |
triggers release of cortisol, the stress hormone |
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
the study of how psychological factors impact the immune system |
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Neuroscience Approaches to Treatment |
-Psychoactive drugs alter neurotransmitter activity -A neuroscience view does not preclude psychological interventions |
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These psychoactive drugs alter neurotransmitter activity |
-Antidepressants -Antipsychotics -Anxiolytics (Treat Anxiety) |
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Reductionism |
View that behavior can best be understood by reducing it to its basic biological components (Ignores more complex views of behavior) |
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Freudian or psychoanalytic theory |
-Human behavior determined by unconscious forces -Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces |
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Freud's Structures of the Mind: Id |
-Unconscious -Pleasure principle (immediate gratification) -Libido (Energy of id)
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Freud's Structure of the Mind: Ego |
-Primarily conscious -Reality principle (Attempt to satisfy id's demands within reality's constraints) |
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Freud's Structures of the Mind: Superego |
-The conscience -Develops as we incorporate parental and society values |
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The Id, Ego, and Superego continually in conflict |
-Conflict generates anxiety -Ego generates strategies to protect itself from anxiety (Defense mechanisms) |
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Defense mechanisms |
Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress and anxiety |
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Repression |
Keeping unacceptable impulses or wishes from conscious awareness |
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Denial |
Not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness |
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Projection |
Attributing to someone else one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings |
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Displacement |
Redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone else |
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Reaction Formation |
Converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite |
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Regression |
Retreating to the behavioral patterns of an earlier stage of development |
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Rationalization |
Offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude |
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Sublimation |
Converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially valued behaviors |
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Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy or Psychoanalysis |
-To understand early-childhood experiences, particularly key (parental) relationships - To understand patterns in current relationships |
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Psychoanalytic Techniques |
-Free Association -Analysis of Transference -Interpretation |
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Free Association |
A person tries to say whatever come to mind without censoring anything |
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Interpretation |
The analyst points out the meaning of certain of a person's behaviors |
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Analysis of transference |
The person responds to the analyst in ways that the person has previously responded to other important figure in his or her life, and the analyst helps the person understand and interpret these responses. |
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Childhood experiences help shape adult personality |
There are unconscious influences on behavior |
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Implicit memory |
The unconscious may reflect efficient information processing rather than being a repository for troubling material (Everyone has aspects of experiences that we are not aware of, that has influence on our functioning) |
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John Watson (1878-1958) |
Father of Behavior |
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Behaviorism |
-Focus on observable behavior -Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies (Focus on the obvious behavior rather than what people are potentially thinking, or feeling) |
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(Behaviorism) Three types of learning |
-Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) -Operant Conditioning -Modeling |
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Operant Conditioning (E. Thorndike, 1874-1949) |
-Leaning through consequences -Law of Effect (definition is on another card) |
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Law of Effect |
Behavior is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged |
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Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) |
Principle of Reinforcement -Positive reinforcement -Negative reinforcement |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened |
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Negative reinforcement |
Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened |
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Modeling |
Learning by watching and imitating other's behaviors -Can occur without reinforcement |
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Modeling Experiment done by Bandura & Melove (1968) |
Modeling reduced children's fear of dogs |
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(Behavior Therapy) Behavior is reinforced by consequences |
-Attention, praise -Access to desirable objects or events -Escape or avoidance of adverse events |
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(Behavior Therapy) Behavior Modification: To modify behavior, change the consequences |
-Differential reinforcement -Punishment |
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(Behavior Modification) Differential reinforcement |
Reinforce desired behavior and apply extinction to undesirable behavior |
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(Behavior Therapy) Counter Conditioning |
-Systematic Desensitization |
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Systematic Desensitization (Behavior Therapy: Counter conditioning) |
-Used to treat phobias and anxiety -Relaxation plus exposure -Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared condition or object -Starts with minimal anxiety producing condition and gradually progresses to most feared |
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Limitations of Behavior Therapy (Importance of Cognitions) |
How we think or appraise a situation influences our feelings and behaviors |
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Cognitive Therapy (Importance of Cognitions) |
-Emphasizes that how people think about themselves and their experiences can be a major determinant of psychopathology -Focuses on understanding maladaptive thoughts -Changes cognitions to change feelings and behaviors |
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy (1976) |
-Initially developed for depression -Depression is caused by distorted thoughts ("Nothing ever goes right for me!) -Information- Processing Bias -Help patients recognized and change maladaptive thought patterns |
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Information- Processing Bias (Beck's Cognitive Therapy (1976)) |
Attention, interpretation, and recall of negative and positive information biased in depression |
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(Current Paradigms:) Cognitive Behavioral |
-Rooted in learning principles and cognitive science - Combines behavioral and cognitive theories of human behavior and psychopathology -Integrates behavioral and cognitive approaches to treatment |
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(Cognitive Science) Cognition |
Mental processes that include: Attention, perception, memory, interpretation, and reasoning |
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(Cognitive Science) Schema |
Organized network of previously accumulated knowledge that is used to active interpret new information (A memory structure) |
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(Cognitive Science) Role of attention in psychopathology |
Anxious individuals more likely to attend to threat or danger |
