Ab. Psych Ch.1

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Psychological Disorder

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Also called a psychological dysfunction. Means, something is psychologically wrong. Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated w/ present distress or impairment in functioning.

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Distres

Impairment

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How much it happens and if it causes problems.

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Study of Psychological disorders

Description

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Describing it; symptoms, how the people feel and describe the systems, what symptoms to look for.

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Prevelance

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How many people currently have the problem.

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Incidence

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How many new cases have there been over a certain time period.

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Course of a disorder

Episodic

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; how does the typical disorder run and play out.

; periods where the patient makes a recovery but it comes back.

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Time limited

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People have a disorder, they will get it and then they won't have it again. Gradually goes away.

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Chronic

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the disorder goes on and on. It never really goes away.

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Onset of a disorder:

acute

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the disorder came on very fast, within a couple of weeks. Most people who have this are more likely to recover.

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insidious

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the disorder comes on slowly, person gradually goes downhill. More genetically oriented.

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Prognosis

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What's the usual outcome? Do people usually recover or is it chronic? Is the prognosis good or bad?

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2. Causation of Psychopathology

Etiology

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cause or development of psychopathology.

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Psychopathology

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this is another term for abnormal behavior

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3. Treatment and Outcome

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Looks at the best methods of treating and preventing psychological problems. What's the quickest, least expensive treatment?

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Supernatural Model

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The idea that there were evil spirits around and would invade peoples bodies. Belief that spirits caused deviant behavior.

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Which groups believed in the Supernatural Model?

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Ancient Chines, Egyptians, early Greeks, and Persians

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Biological Model

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Chemicals in the body would get out of balance.

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Hippocrates

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A greek physician, father of modern medicine. He believed that abnormal behavior in people was due to a physical disease. He was the first well known person who wrote about this.

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Galen

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400 years later, after Hippocrates, Roman doctor also developed upon Hippocrates. He developed a number of techniques.

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Galenic-Hippocrates tradition

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If they thought you had to much of a chemical, they would drain blood. They performed heat, dryness, moisture, cold, bloodletting, and induced vomiting.

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Psychological or Psychosocial Model

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Developed by Pinel; moral therapy.

Idea being if we treat the mind, we help reduce stress and make things better in a persons life.

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Benjamin Rush

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Was one of the signers of the declaration, medical doctor and psychiatrist. When he came to America he brought his medical learning with him and he was very influencial in setting up mental hospitals in the US.

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Dorthea Dix

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Mental hygiene movement. She was a reformer, didn't have any medical degrees, but she looked at things that were wrong with hospitals in the US. Went around and talked to legislatures, embarrass them about how bad they were treating the patients.

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Reform Movement

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Dorthea Dix; Better treatment for the mentally ill.

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Why did the biological model return, causing moral therapy to decline?

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after Dix came along, more people went in to the mental hospital because they were no longer afraid, more money given to mental institutions.

moral therapy declined because too many people were coming in. returned to BM, because it was catching hold in science. first time showed that there was bacteria causing milk to go bad. started to wonder if bacteria could be causing mental illness.

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When was the first clear biological connection to madness that was found during the 1800s?

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Syphilis. If untreated the person would become mentally ill. they started finding people who had this and did autopsies on the brain.

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

psychosurgery

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shock therapy) run a small electric current through your brain, this causes an epileptic seizure, people who had epilepsy didn’t have mental illness (but not true) the current is only a couple of seconds long, just long enough to create seizure. it became very popular, used to treat schizophrenia and depression, still sometimes being used today, because it works well for it.

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psychosurgery (lobotomy)

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they would go in and (early days) cut into the forehead and sever some fibers in the brain in the frontal lobe, by doing this you can calm the person down. it did calm them down but it didn’t help them psychologically.

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Walter Freeman

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(transorbal sp) is the one who created the technique in going over the eyeball.

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1950s medications for psychosis such as schizophrenia

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huge breakthrough.some were derived from plants that had been used for years in other countries, some of them were found because they were working on other things like blood pressure medicine, found they were mentally ill and got better. a lot of medications that discovered accidentally.

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what were the consequences of the biological tradition?

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Emphasis on mental problems as biological (brain)

focusing on the biology instead of the psychology.

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THE PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:

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increased role of science in psychopathology.

Emphasizes psychological factors/social relationships in mental health.

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Freud's theories of Psychoanalysis

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-Importance of the unconscious

-focused on the unconscious part of the mind.

-Freud was trained in hypnosis and a lot about the brain, trained as a brain doctor, trained a lot in the biological model but went toward the psychosocial mode.

-“the mind is like an iceberg where a small part of the mind is above the water, bottoms spreads beneath the water, the biggest part.”

-consciousness is just a small part, unconscious; big part. a lot of our behavior comes from our unconscious.

-tried hypnosis, didn’t help much.

-developed the talking cure.

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Dream analysis

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This was a Freud technique

"analyzing the transference."

-our unconscious conflicts bubble in our dreams, wouldn’t come up in clear from, symbolically.

-"analyzing the transference.”-

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Defense mechanism

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Freud techniques; defense helps keep away unwanted feelings.

denial; most primitive, rationalization; where one says, "yeah, I did this, but for a good reason." projection; you take your own feelings and project them onto someone else. repression; the mechanism where we can't deal with something, it gets pushed into the unconscious. if we consciously do it, it's called repression. sublimation; the highest form of defense, where you take your conflicts and turn them into art (humor, music, etc.) you have insight to your conflicts but take the pain and make it artistic.

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Behavior therapy

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the competing model with freud. it started in the 20th century.

Ivan Patlov was interested in how people learned things and how it changed their behavior.

Originally stemmed from Pavlov's theories on classical conditioning.

-what you learn is more important than the unconscious.

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John Watson

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popularized behaviorism in America

-impressed by Pavlov’s work and studied him. what he liked about it was that it was much more scientific than Frued. Watson wanted a more scientific approach.

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Maladaptive behavior

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was due to learning -- the case of Little Albert and the white rat.

-success because fears are learned.

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Operant conditioning

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B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Behavior that is rewarded (reinforced) will tend to be repeated.

operant is more active. skinner said that you can actually do things to make a stronger bond,

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reinforcement(rewarded).

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-if you reward behavior, it tends to be repeated.

-Skinner thought our behavior is more a product of reinforcement rather than free will.

-he believed that we don’t have a free will and that the environment shapes us

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Shaping

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behavior could be shaped by reinforcing successive approximations to the target behavior.

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cognitive therapy

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examines the individual's thoughts and how they influence feelings.

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cognitive behavior psychotherapy

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using behavioral techniques to change behavior

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Humanistic therapies

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Emerged in the 1950s and 1960s.

-Primarily concerned with maximizing human potential and personal growth (self-actualization).

-emerged more out go philosophy. aren’t as scientifically oriented, more similar to the psychoanalysis.

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Carl Rogers

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people have a natural tendency to develop their potentials unless those potentials are blocked.

-people are intrinsically good. Rogers said, we have this inherent ability to learn how to walk if we have the proper stimulation.

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Maximizing Potential

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If there are things in our life blocking our natural growth, it will block our potential

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conditional regard

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where people only approve of you if you're a certain way and disapprove of you if you don't act that way; peer pressure.

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What else does humanistic psychology emphasize?

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The importance of taking responsibility for our lives.

Making choices to steer our lives where we want them to go.

The importance of the individual, not the group or society. Rogers felt if you were happy as an individual, then you would be a productive part of society. If we don't take changes we take the responsibility.