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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Genotype |
The genetic composition of an organism |
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Mutation |
A change in DNA base sequence resulting in new allele |
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Genes |
A sequence of DNA bases that coded for one polypeptide |
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Locus |
A position of gene on a particular DNA molecule |
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Dominant allele |
Expresses itself when present with the recessive allele of the same gene |
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Recessive allele |
Expresses itself only in the presence of another identical allele |
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Homozygous |
A cell which the two alleles of a gene are the same |
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Heterozygous |
A cell which the two alleles of the same gene are different |
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Law of genetics (segregation) |
Only one allele of each pair of alleles can be present in a single gamete |
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Law of independent segregation |
Each member of a pair in alleles may combine randomly with either or another pair |
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Epistasis |
When the allele of one gene affects or masks the expression of another in the phenotype |
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Calculation for Chi squared test |
(O-E)2/E |
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Phenotype |
A characteristic due to a genotype and the environment |
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Homeostasis |
Is the maintenance of an internal environment within restricted limits in organisms |
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Set point |
Desired level at which the system operates |
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A receptor |
Detects deviation from the set point |
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An effector |
Carries out corrective measures to return to set point |
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A controller |
Coordinates info from Diff sources |
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Negative feedback |
Is a process that brings about a reversal of any change in conditions it ensures that an optimum steady state can be maintained; it restores systems to their original level |
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Positive feedback |
Responds to changes from the normal by causing further change in the same direction. |
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Glycogenolysis |
Hydrolysis of glycogen |
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Gluconeogensis |
Production of glucose from sources other than carbohydrates |
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Glycogenesis |
Glucose to glycogen |
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Gluconeogenesis |
Converts glycogen to glucose |
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Type 1 diabetes |
The immune system attacks the beta cells in the islets of langerhans so they can't produce any insulin |
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Type 2 diabetes |
When the beta cells don't produce enough insulin or when the body cells don't respond properly to insulin |
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Ultrafiltration |
Filtration of small molecules and ions out of the blood in the glomerulus into bowman's capsule |
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Gene pool |
Complete range of alleles present in a population |
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Allele frequency |
How often an allele occurs |
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The hardy Weinberg principle |
Provides a mathematical equation to calculate the frequencies of the alleles of a particular gene in a population |
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Inversion |
A sequence of bases is reversed |
Type of mutation |
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Translocation |
A sequence of bases is moved from one location in the genome to another |
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Mutagenic agents |
Increase the rate of mutation |
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Stabilising selection |
Is where individuals with alleles for characteristics towards the middle of the range are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Directional selection |
Is where individuals with alleles for a single extreme phenotype are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Disruptive selection |
Is where individuals with alleles for extreme phenotypes at either end of the range are more likely to survive and reproduce |
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Speciation |
Development of a new species from an existing species |
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Allele |
A different form of the same gene |
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Totipotent stem cells |
Can differentiate into any type of cell. Found in early embryos |
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Pluripotent stem cells |
Can differentiate into almost any type of cell. Found in early embryo and fetal |
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Multipotent stem cells |
Differentiate into a limited number of specialised cells. found in umbilical cord |
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Epigenetics |
Environmental factors can cause heritable changes in gene function without changing the base sequence of DNA |
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Genome |
Complete map of all the genetic material in an organism |
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Recombinant DNA |
DNA of 2 different organisms joined together |
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Restriction endonuclease |
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition sites |
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Ligase |
An enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA such as complementary sticky ends to form recombinant DNA |
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Reverse transcriptase |
An enzyme that makes a DNA molecule from the corresponding mRNA |
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DNA or gene probes |
Radioactive or fluorescently labelled fragments of DNA that seek out and bind to a target sequence |
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Sticky ends |
Staggered cuts revealing unpaired base sequences at the ends of a piece of DNA |
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A vector |
Used to transport the DNA into the host cell |
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