Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Skeletal muscle
|
– striated, voluntary control, long, cylindrical, multinucleated
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle
|
– striated, involuntary control, branched, short, uni or binucleated
|
|
|
Smooth muscle
|
– not striated, involuntary control, short, spindle shaped
|
|
|
Movement
|
– movement; blood through heart; food, urine, others by smooth muscle
|
|
|
Postural maintenance
|
– constant adjustments being made by skeletal muscle
|
|
|
Joint stability
|
– as mentioned in previous chapter
|
|
|
Heat generation
|
– skeletal muscle most important in this respect
|
|
|
Excitability (irritability)
|
– the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
|
|
|
Contractility
|
– the ability to shorten forcibly
|
|
|
Extendibility
|
– muscle can stretch beyond resting size when relaxed
|
|
|
Elasticity
|
– the ability to return to its resting length after being stretched
|
|
|
Endomysium
|
– fine layer of areolar connective tissue; surrounds each muscle fiber
|
|
|
Perimysium
|
– collagenic sheath which surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
|
|
|
Fascicles
|
– name of the bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium
|
|
|
Epimysium
|
– course sheet of fibrous connective tissue; surrounds the entire muscle
|
|
|
Deep fascia
|
– fibrous connective tissue; binds separate muscles into functional groups
|
|
|
Direct
|
– epimysium to the bone (periosteum) or cartilage (perichondrium)
|
|
|
Indirect
|
– more frequent method; epimysium continues beyond the muscle it covers
|
|
|
Tendon
|
– when this continuation is cord like
|
|
|
Aponeurosis
|
– when this continuation is sheet like
|
|
|
Muscle fiber
|
– cell, very thick and very long (30 cm)
|
|
|
Sarcolemma
|
– special name given to the plasma membrane of muscle fibers
|
|
|
Sarcoplasm
|
– name given to the cytoplasm of muscle fibers
|
|
|
Myoglobin
|
– oxygen binding molecule similar to hemoglobin
|
|
|
Glycogen
|
– to provide all the energy needed
|
|
|
Myofibrils
|
– cylindrical structures, make up muscle fibers; ability to contract
|
|
|
Bands
|
– the different bands of the myofibrils line up; muscle fiber as a whole, striated
|
|
|
A band
|
– the darker bands
|
|
|
H zone
|
– middle portion of the A band which is slightly lighter then the rest
|
|
|
M line
|
– slightly darker line which runs in the middle of the H zone
|
|
|
I band
|
–the lighter bands
|
|
|
Z disc
|
– slightly darker disc seen in the middle of the I bands
|
|
|
Sarcomere
|
– the functional unit; the part of the myofibril between two Z discs
|
|
|
Myofilaments
|
– two types; make up sarcomere
|
|
|
Thick filaments
|
– also the darker of the two filaments
|
|
|
Myosin
|
– hundreds form a single thick filament
|
|
|
Head
|
– each myosin; two globular ends; binds to actin during contraction
|
|
|
ATPase –
|
head of each myosin; it provides the energy for the contraction
|
|
|
A band
|
– the darker band is the result of arrangement of these thick filaments
|
|
|
H zone
|
– part of A band not overlapped by thin filaments
|
|
|
M line
|
– slightly darker because of fine strands; hold adjacent thick filaments together
|
|
|
Thin filaments –
|
the lighter thinner microfilament
|
|
|
Actin
|
– G actin; looks like a twisted string of pearls
|
|
|
Myosin binding site –
|
found on each molecule of G actin
|
|
|
Tropomyosin
|
– two strands; spiral along the light filament block myosin binding sites
|
|
|
Troponin molecules (complex)
|
– holds the tropomyosin in place when muscle fiber is
|
|
|
Z disc
|
– coin shaped protein sheet, anchors thin filaments together, joins sarcomeres
|
|
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
– smooth ER; surrounds a myofibril with interwoven tubules
|
|
|
Terminal cisternae
|
– perpendicular chambers (pair) where the I and A bands meet
|
|
|
Calcium ion
|
– stores calcium and releases it when the muscle cell is stimulated
|
|
|
T(transverse) tubules
|
– extensions of sarcolemma; through the cytoplasm; extracellular
|
|
|
Impulse
|
– stimulated and impulse runs along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules
|
|
|
Triads
|
– three membranous structures; terminal cisterna, T tubule, terminal cisterna
|
|
|
Somatic motor fibers
|
– axons in nerves; bodies in brain or spinal cord
|
|
|
Motor unit
|
– one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers stimulated by it
|
|
|
Synapse
|
– the functional connection between nerve and its target cell
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
– when target cell is muscle fiber; synapse called
|
|
|
Axonal terminal
|
– axon branches with each branch terminating in an axonal terminal
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
– several axonal terminals to the same muscle fiber
|
|
|
Synaptic cleft
|
– glycoprotein filled space between axonal terminal and muscle fiber
|
|
|
Motor end plate –
|
highly folded depression in the muscle fiber found
|
|
|
Acetylcholine receptors –
|
millions of receptors found on the folds of motor end plate
|
|
|
Nerve impulse –
|
travels down the membrane of the axon
|
|
|
Calcium channels
|
– voltage regulated; impulse reaches; open and calcium floods in
|
|
|
Calcium influx –
|
as a result of calcium channels opening
|
|
|
Synaptic vesicles –
|
contained in the axonal terminal
|
|
|
Acetylcholine
|
– in the vesicles
|
|
|
Exocytosis –
|
calcium; acetylcholine containing vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
|
|
|
Depolarization
|
– chemically activated sodium channels opened; become less negative
|
|
|
Action potential
|
– great enough; voltage dependent sodium channels open; propagating
|
|
|
Repolarization
|
– immediately follows depolarization wave
|
|
|
Potassium ion channels
|
– open, potassium moves out; resting membrane potential
|
|
|
Refractory period
|
– time it takes for repolarization, muscle fiber cannot be stimulated
|
|
|
Na+,K+ ATPase
|
– restore normal ionic conditions; sodium out, potassium in
|
|
|
All-or-none response
|
– action potential propagated along entire fiber or not at all
|
