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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Negative Feedback
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-response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
-variable changes in opposite direction of initial change ex. body temp |
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Positive feedback
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response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
-controls infrequent events |
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Cephalic
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Head
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Cervical
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Throat
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Thoracic
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chest
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Manus
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Hand
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Pedal
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foot
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4 major organic compounds
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Structure of a steroid
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4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
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Passive transport substance movement...
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moves down concentration gradient
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Water diffuses through p. mem through...
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aquaporins
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Hypertonic cells...
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shrink, crenation (shrinking)
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Hypotonic cells...
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burst/ lysing (brusting open)
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Epithelial...
Connective... Muscle... Nervous.... |
covers
supports movement controls |
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Epithelial Tissue does what
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protects, secretes, absorbs and filters
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Endocrine
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secretes into circulation
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Exocrine
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secretes into cavities or outside body completely
-secretes products into ducts |
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Unicellular exocrine glands
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mucous cells and goblet cells
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Merocrine
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secrete products as produced
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Holocrine
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accumulate products within then repture
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Apocrine
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accumulates products with in but only apex ruptures
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Cutaneous membrane
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the skin
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Mucous membrane
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moist membrane lining cavities that open to exterior
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Serous membrane
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membrane of closed body cavities
-paracardium-heart -pleurae- lungs |
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parietal
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outer membrane
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Visceral
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inner membrane
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Keratin
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make up cells of the epidermis
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Melanocytes
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deep in epidermis protect from UV light
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Stratum Basale
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Stem cells of keratinocytes
activiely mitotic |
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Stratum spinosum
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layer with spines where cells have shrunken
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stratum granulosum
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keritinization begins, spekled, layers following are dead
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stratum lucidum
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only in thick skin
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Stratum Corneum
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20-30 layers of dead cells, no nucleus, bags of keratin
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Apoptosis
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controlled cellular suicide
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Dermal papillae
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up and down section
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dermis- reticular
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main area of the dermis, 80%, dense fibrous connective tissue
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Capillary loop
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adjust body temp
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Meissner corpuscles
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touch receptors, non hairy surface
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Free nerve ending
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pain receptors
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papillary layer
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finger print, friction ridge
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cleavage lines
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from collagen running parallel to skins surface
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Flexure lines
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dermal folds at or near the joints
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hypodermis
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subcutaneous layer of adipoes connective tissue
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skin color pigments
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carotene, malanin, hemoglobin
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Cyanosis
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blue skin color- low oxygenation of hemoglobin
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Erythema
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redness, fever, inflammation
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Jaundice
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liver disorder
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Demodex folliculorum
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MO's that thrive in the hair folicle
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Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands
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palms, soles, forehead
sweat sympathetic nervous system |
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Apocrine sweat glands
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sweat, fatty substances, protein
ducts release into hair follicle |
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Ceruminous glands
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ear wax
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Sebceous glands
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secrete into hair follicle
sebum greasy hair oil kills bacteria |
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Function of Integument system
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protection
body temp regulation cutaneous sensation metabolic functions Excretions |
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Endocrine system
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important in communication
uses blood stream and hormones |
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Endocrine glands
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thyroid
pituitary parathyroid pineal adrenal NO DUCTS |
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Humoral Stimuli
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secretion of hormones in response to blood levels
fluid |
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Neural stimuli
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nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
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Hormonal stimuli
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hormones released in response to other hormones from endocrine glands
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classes of hormones (2)
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steroids and amino acid-based
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Steroids... main ones
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Gonadal and adrencortical
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Amino acid based hormone types
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amines, peptides, and proteins
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AA's except thyroid hormone are what kinda soluble
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water
acts on p mem recptors |
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steroid and thyroid hormones are what kinda soluble
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lipid
acts on intracelluar recptors |
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what hormone acts via cAMP mechanisms?
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epinephrine
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how do hormones affect target cells (5)
change stimulate activate induce stimulate |
1. change membrane potential
2.stimulate synthesis of protein 3. activate/deactivate enzyme systems 4.Induce secretory activity 5.stimulate mitosis |
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what is produced by the posterior pituitary
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ADH and Oxytocin
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what does the anterior pituitary release and what does it travel through
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inhibiting hormones which stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones and through the blood (portal veins)
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Posterior pituitary- Oxytocin target organs
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uterus and breast
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Posterior pituitary- ADH target organs
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kidney- to reabsorb water
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Anterior pituitary- growth hormone target cells
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liver, muscles, bone, cartilage, and other tissues
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Anterior pit- TSH target cell
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thryroid
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Anterior pit- ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
adrenal cortex- stimulates
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Anterior pit- FSH target cells
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ovaries and testes-production of estrogen, progesteron, and sperm production
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Anterior pit- LH target cell
Luteinizing hormone |
ovaries and testes- ovulation and testosteron production
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Anterior pit-PRL target cell
prolactin cells |
breast- promotes lactation
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what does the pineal gland produce?
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melatonin
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What do thyroid hormones establish?
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metabolic rate
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thyroid- what does calcitonin do?
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decrease Ca+ levels in the blood and store in bones
produced by parafollicular cells |
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thyroid gland composed of follicles that produce
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thyroglobulin
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Thyroid hormone does what?
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major metabolic hormone (increase BMR and glucose catabolism)
Regulate nervous tissue growth Maintanence of blood pressure |
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Hypothyroidism
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tired, weight gain , cold
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Hyperthyroidism
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energy, weight lose, sweating, bulging eyes, heart papiltations
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Goiter
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less thyroid hormone produced since lack in Iodine so TSH produced in large amounts to make up for it
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parathyroid
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increases Ca+ levels in the blood
goes to bone and kidneys |
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Adrenal gland
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kindney beanie
flight or fight cotex - Na+ reabsorption medualla- glucose reabsorption norepinephrine- 20% epinephrine- 80% |
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Pancreas
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contains endocrine cells, alpa cells-hyperglycemic, beta cells- hypoglycemic
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Glucagon
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targets liver, promotes gylcogenolysis and glycogenesis
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Insulin
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lowers blood glucose levels, enhances mem transport of glucose into fat, muscle, and liver cells, inhibits glycogenosis and glycogeolysis , promotes storage in muscle and liver
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The Nervous system communicates through...
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electrical and chemical signals
rapid and specific causing immediate response |
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Nervous systems functions
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sensory input, integration, motor output
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CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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spinal, cranial, and peripheral nerves
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Sensory afferent division
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Somatic: to brain from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
Visceral: to brain from guts |
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Motor efferent division
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from brain to muscles or glands
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Nervous Tissue cell types
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Neuroglia- support cells
Neurons- excitable cells (transmit action potentials) |
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CNS- Astrocytes
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play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
support neurons important in blood brain barrier |
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CNS-Microglial
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defense system of CNS
phagocytize mos and neuronal debris |
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CNS- Ependymal
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line cerebrospinal fluid-lined cavities
Cilia beat to circulate CSF |
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CNS-Oligodendrocytes
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form a myelin sheath around CNS fibers
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Multiple Sclerosis
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destruction of Oligodendrocytes and demyelination
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PNS- satellite cells
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separate cell bodies of ganglia (collection of cell bodies) and regulate nutrient and waste flow
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PNS- Schwann cells
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myelin sheath
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Myelin axons have...
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faster impulses and use less ATP
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Neurons
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structural units of nervous system
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Chromatophilic substance
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rough ER in a neuron
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Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
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Nuclei
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Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
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ganglia
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Bundles of neuron processors in the PNS
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tracts
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Bundles of neuron processors in the PNS
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Nerves
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Synapse
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functional junction between two nerves or a neuron and effector cell
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Dendrites
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receptive input region receiving short signals
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axon
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generates nerve impulses
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Reflex process...
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Receptor
Sensory neuron Integration Motor neuron effector |
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Neurophysiology
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how neurons communicate
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Voltage
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measure in the difference in potential energy generated by separate charge(mV)
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Current
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the flow of electrical charge (ions) between 2 points
-depends on voltage and resistance |
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Resistance
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is the hindrance to charge flow
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Resting mem potential
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-70mV potential difference across membrane
[K+] higher in cell [Na+] & [Cl-] highest outside cell -maintained by active transport of K and Na |
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changes in the mem potential used as signals to...
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receive, integrate and send info
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DEpolarization
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inside mem is less negative than resting membrane potential
-increases prob of producing nerve impulse |
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Hyperpolarization
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inside mem is more negative than resting mem potential
-reduce prob of creating nerve impulse |
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Grade potentials
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short lived localized changes in membrane potential
- current flows but dissipated quickly and decays |
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Depolarization
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small part of mem depolarizes or have opp charge of the rest of the membrane this then spreads
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Membrane potential decays with...
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distance
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In bare plasma mem voltage..
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decays
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postsynaptic potential
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occurs in cell body or dendrites, involves chem gated ion channels
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Action potentials
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long distance signals, occur in cells with excitable membranes (neurons and muscle cells),
principle way neurons send signals |
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when voltage-gated channels open...
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a stimulus has changed the permeability of the neurons p mem
-occurs @ axon hillock |
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How many gates to Na+ channels have?
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2:
voltage sensitive (closed @ rest) slow inactivation gate (open @ rest) |
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K+ channels
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1 voltage sensitive gate (closed at rest)opens slowly with depolarization
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Repolarization resets what conditions?
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electrical not ionic conditions (Na+/K+ pumps reset ionic conditions)
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what is required for an axon to fire?
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depolarization must reach threshold (-55mV) and Na+ permeability increases
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what is the all or nothing phenomenon
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action potential
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what is propagation?
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allows AP to be a signaling device
-Na+ causes current, mem depolarized, channels open, triggers AP |
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Absolute refractory period ensures and enforces what?
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-ensures: that each AP is an all or none event
-enforces: one-way transmission of nerve impulses |
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What 2 things affect the rate of AP propagation?
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the axon diameter (larger= faster)
degree of myelination (myelination= faster) |
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what are 2 affects of myelination on conduction velocity?
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sheaths insulate and prevent leak of charge
saltatory conduction, which is only possible in myelinated axons is about 30x faster |
