A & P Test 1

Front 1

The stuff of the universe

Back 1

Matter

Front 2

The four forms of energy found in the body are

Back 2

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

Front 3

The number of protons in the nucleus is also known as the ________ ________.

Back 3

Atomic number

Front 4

The number of neutrons in the nucleus is also known as the ________ ________.

Back 4

Mass number

Front 5

An ________ is one or more atoms that contain the same number of protons but different neutrons.

Back 5

Isotope

Front 6

The larger the atom, the more ________ it can have.

Back 6

Isotopes

Front 7

A _________-_______ can lose a particle or a ray to try to become more stable.

Back 7

Radio isotope

Front 8

Two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond is known are known as a ________.

Back 8

Molecule

Front 9

Two or more different kinds of atoms bound together are known as a molecule, but also as a ________.

Back 9

Compound

Front 10

In this bond one atom gives up an electron to another.

Back 10

Ionic bond

Front 11

Ionic bonds cannot have ________ or ________ as part of their makeup.

Back 11

Carbon or water

Front 12

In this type of bond, two atoms share electrons.

Back 12

Covalent bond

Front 13

Carbon and water bonds are always ________.

Back 13

Covalent

Front 14

A weak polar bond involving hydrogen is known as a ________ bond.

Back 14

Hydrogen

Front 15

The combining of two things to make something new is called ________.

Back 15

Synthesis

Front 16

Synthesis is a ________ process.

Back 16

Anabolic

Front 17

The breakdown of something in which it gives up energy is called ________.

Back 17

Decomposition

Front 18

Decomposition is a ________ process

Back 18

Catabolic

Front 19

An ________ reaction is one in which both synthesis and decomposition occur.

Back 19

Exchange.

Front 20

A ________ is the first kind of mixture and is homogeneous.

Back 20

Solution

Front 21

A ________ is the second kind of mixture and is heterogeneous.

Back 21

Colloid / Emulsion

Front 22

A ________ is the third type of mixture and is heterogenous with large particles.

Back 22

Suspension

Front 23

The chief difference between a mixture and a compound is that a mixture does not ________ combine.

Back 23

Chemically

Front 24

The ________ ________ ________ of membrane structure depicts the plasma membrane as an exceedingly thin structure composed of a double layer of lipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed throughout.

Back 24

Fluid mosaic model

Front 25

Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transmission, intercellular joining, cell to cell ignition, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix are all functions of ________

Back 25

Proteins

Front 26

The ________ ________ regulates intake and output.

Back 26

Plasma Membrane

Front 27

________ ________ is a passive process in which molecules or ions will scatter evenly throughout the environment. An example is breathing.

Back 27

Simple Diffusion

Front 28

________ causes things to diffuse faster.

Back 28

Heat

Front 29

________ ________ transports things from high to low concentration using no energy but does use a carrier to transport things in and out of the cell. (Example: glucose/insulin)

Back 29

Facilitated diffusion

Front 30

________ ________ uses energy and can go from a high to low concentration or low to high concentration.

Back 30

Active transport

Front 31

_________ is the mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

Back 31

Exocytosis

Front 32

________ is the mechanism by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells

Back 32

Endocytosis

Front 33

________ is the engulfing of extracellular fluid by the cells

Back 33

Pinocytosis

Front 34

Cells lose water and crenate in a ________ solution.

Back 34

Hypertonic

Front 35

Cells gain water and lyse in a ________ solution.

Back 35

Hypotonic

Front 36

The powerhouse of the cell is ________.

Back 36

Mitochondria

Front 37

The sites of protein synthesis in the cell are the ________.

Back 37

Ribosomes

Front 38

The parts of the cell responsible for transport are the ________ and ________ ________ ________.

Back 38

Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 39

The part of the cell that packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell is the ________ ________.

Back 39

Golgi apparatus

Front 40

The tubular extensions of the plasma membrane are the ________.

Back 40

Microvilli

Front 41

The ________ detoxify the cell and breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

Back 41

Peroxisomes

Front 42

The sites of intracellular digestion are ________.

Back 42

Lysosomes

Front 43

________ support the cell and give it shape.

Back 43

Microtubules

Front 44

An ________ compound has both carbon and hydrogen.

Back 44

Organic

Front 45

An ________ compound has any chemicals other than carbon and hydrogen.

Back 45

Inorganic

Front 46

The five functions of ________:

- High heat capacity

- High heat of vaporization

- Polar solvent properties

- Reactivity

- Cushioning

Back 46

Water

Front 47

________ release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

Back 47

Acids

Front 48

When mixed with a base, an ________ will neutralize.

Back 48

Acid

Front 49

A ________ will make both an acid and a base neutral.

Back 49

Buffer

Front 50

________ are also known as sugars and contain carbon, hydrogen, and water. Usually in a 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen ratio.

Back 50

Carbohydrates

Front 51

A ________ is a simple sugar like glucose whose function is energy and structure.

Back 51

Monosaccharides

Front 52

A ________ is a double sugar (containing two monosaccharides) like sucrose (table sugar), lactose, and maltose.

Back 52

Disaccharide

Front 53

A ________ is a long chain of simple sugars (three or more) such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Back 53

Polysaccharide

Front 54

A ________ is an oil or fat that is unsoluble in water.

Back 54

Lipid

Front 55

A ________ is a neutral fat found underneath the skin making up fatty acids and glyceral. It is the storage form of energy in the body.

Back 55

Triglyceride

Front 56

A __________ is a lipid making up part of the cell membrane and important in structure.

Back 56

Phospholipid

Front 57

A ________ is a lipid such as cholesterol needed for human life. It also makes up the sex hormones in the human body.

Back 57

Steroid

Front 58

Proteins comprise ________-________% of the body.

Back 58

10-30%

Front 59

The ________ is the control center of the cell.

Back 59

Nucleus

Front 60

The _______ ________ separates the neoplasm.

Back 60

Nuclear Envelope

Front 61

The two main parts of the skin are the ________ and the ________.

Back 61

Epidermis and dermis

Front 62

The sublayer of the dermis is the ________.

Back 62

Hypodermis

Front 63

The composition of the skin can be broken down to four cell types: the ________, the ________, the ________, and the ________.

Back 63

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic, and tactile

Front 64

________ is found on fingers, hands, and the soles of feet to offer protection.

Back 64

Thick

Front 65

________ is found everywhere other than the fingers, hands, and soles of feet.

Back 65

Thin

Front 66

The stratum ________, stratum ________, stratum ________, stratum ________, and stratum ________ are the five layers of the epidermis.

Back 66

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum

Front 67

The Stratum ________ is found only in areas of thick skin.

Back 67

Lucidum

Front 68

The dermis has two vascular layers, the ________ and the ________.

Back 68

Papillary and Reticular

Front 69

The three things that determine skin color are ________, _________, and ________.

Back 69

Melanin, Carotene, Hemaglobin

Front 70

The hair is made up of three layers, the inner ________, the middle ________, and the outer _________.

Back 70

Medulla, Cortex, Cuticul

Front 71

The pigment that colors our hair comes from the ________ at the beginning of the ________.

Back 71

Melanocytes, follicle

Front 72

Stretch marks come from the ________ ________ of the dermal and epidermal layers.

Back 72

Reticular Layers

Front 73

Back 73

Front 74

The sweat glands are also known as ________ glands.

Back 74

Sudoriferous

Front 75

Two modified sweat glands that produce ear wax and milk are ________ and ________ respectively.

Back 75

Ceruminous and mammry

Front 76

Oil glands are also known as ________ glands.

Back 76

Sebaceous

Front 77

The physical function of the skin is ________.

Back 77

Protection

Front 78

The biological function of the skin is ________.

Back 78

Dendritic (immunological)

Front 79

The chemical function of the skin is ________ _________ and regulates things like body temperature and cutaneous sensation.

Back 79

Metabolic reactions

Front 80

________ ________ ________ is the least malignant and most common form of skin cancer - it occurs in the stratum basale.

Back 80

Basal cell carcinoma

Front 81

________ ________ ________ is the second most common form of skin cancer and occurs in the keratinoctyes in the stratum spinosum - it will metastasize if not removed.

Back 81

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 82

________ is the least common but most deadly form of skin cancer. It affects the ________.

Back 82

Melanoma, melanocytes

Front 83

In a first degree burn, only the ________ is damaged. They generally heal in ____-____ days.

Back 83

Epidermis, 2-3

Front 84

A second degree burn injures the epidermis and the first two layers of the ________. They generally heal in ____-____ weeks.

Back 84

Dermis, 3-4

Front 85

Third degree burns injure the entire ______ of the skin; ________ ________ are also destroyed. These burns usually require ________ ________.

Back 85

Thickness, nerve endings, skin grafting

Front 86

Another name for first and second degree burns is ________ ________ burns. Third degree are also known as ________ _________ burns.

Back 86

Partial thickness, full thickness

Front 87

The seven characteristics of living organisms are ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, and ________.

Back 87

Nutrition, excretion, respiration, sensitivity, reproduction, growth, and movement

Front 88

The four elements found most often in the human body are ________, ________, ________, and ________.

Back 88

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Front 89

During ________ the chromosomes duplicate, and the copies remain attached to each other.

Back 89

Interphase

Front 90

After Interphase is ________ during which the chromosomes condense and become visible. In the cytoplasm, the spindle forms.

Back 90

Prophase

Front 91

After prophase is ________ during which the nuclear membrane dissolves and the spindle starts to interact with the chromosomes.

Back 91

Prometaphase

Front 92

After Prometaphase comes ________ during which the copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle.

Back 92

Metaphase

Front 93

After Metaphase comes ________ during which the chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to the opposite sides of the cell.

Back 93

Anaphase

Front 94

After Anaphase is ________ during which nuclear membranes form around the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes spread out, and the spindle breaks down.

Back 94

Telophase

Front 95

After Telophase comes ________ during which the cell splits into two daughter cells.

Back 95

Cytokinesis

Front 96

Each daughter cell will have ____ copies of ____ chromosomes which is known as a ________.

Back 96

2, 23, diploid

Front 97

Back 97