Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how are the effects of NTs terminated?
|
1. degredation by enzymes associated with the post-synaptic membrane or present in the synapse (as with acetylcholine)
2. reuptake by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminal, where the NT is stored or destroyed by enzymes (as with norep.) 3. diffusion away from the synapse |
|
|
6 broad classes of NTs by chemical structure
|
acetylcholine
biogenic amines amino acids peptides purines dissolved gases |
|
|
acetylcholine
(direct or indirect, excitatory or inhibitory) explain |
Excitatory to skeletal muscle
Excitatory or inhibitory to visceral effectors Nicotinic receptors = direct action Muscarinic receptor = second messenger (indirect) |
|
|
name 5 biogenic amines
[3 catecholamines, 2 indolamines] |
3 catecholamines:
norepinephrine dopamine epinphrine 2 indolamines: serotonin histamine |
|
|
Norepinephrine (Ex or In)
|
yes. can be both excitatory or inhibitory.
|
|
|
dopamine (e or i?, dir. or ind.?)
[biogenic amine] |
dopamine
can be excitatory or inhibitory indirect action via 2nd messenger |
|
|
serotonin (e or i, dir. or ind.?)
[biogenic amine] |
serotonin
mainly inhibitory indirect action via 2nd messenger system |
|
|
histamine (dir or ind?)
[biogenic amine, indolamine] |
histamine
Indirect action via second messenger system Released by mast cells during inflammation and act as a vasodilator |
|
|
ATP [e or i? dir or ind?]
[purine] |
ATP can be:
Excitatory or Inhibitory and can have: Direct and Indirect Action |
|
|
name 3 important amino acid NTs
|
glutamate
glycine GABA |
|
|
GABA (d or ind? e or i?)
[amino acid] |
GABA
Generally inhibitory Direct action |
|
|
Glutamate (d or ind? e or i?)
[amino acid] |
Glutamate
Generally Excitatory Direct Action |
|
|
glycine (d or ind? e or i?)
[amino acid] |
Glycine
Generally inhibitory Direct Action |
|
|
name 4 peptide NTs
(it's a SECT) |
Endorphins
Generally inhibitory Indirect action Tachykinins Excitatory Indirect Action Somatostatin Generally inhibitory Indirect action Cholecystokinin Possible neurotransmitter May be related to feeding |
|
|
endorphins (e or i? dir or i?)
[peptide] |
Endorphins
Generally inhibitory Indirect action |
|
|
tachykinins (e or i? d or ind?)
[peptide] |
Tachykinins
Excitatory Indirect Action |
|
|
somatostatin (e or i? d or ind?)
[peptide] |
Somatostatin
Generally inhibitory Indirect action |
|
|
describe the mammalian diving reflex
|
When the face is submerged, receptors that are sensitive to water within the nasal cavity and other areas of the face supplied by cranial nerve V (trigeminal) relays the information to the brain and then innervates cranial nerve X (vagus).
Includes three factors: Bradycardia, a reduction in the heart rate (of about 20% in humans). Peripheral vasoconstriction, a decrease in blood flow to the extremities, in order to increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the vital organs, especially the brain. Blood shift, the shifting of blood plasma to the thoracic cavity, i.e. the chest between the diaphragm and the neck to avoid the collapse of the lungs under higher pressure during deeper dives. |
|
|
Photic Sneeze Reflex
|
A medical condition by which people exposed to bright light sneeze.
Occurs in 17% to 25% of humans The probable cause is a congenital malfunction in nerve signals in the trigeminal nerve nucleus. Overstimulation of the optic nerve triggers the trigeminal nerve, and this causes the photic sneeze reflex. |
|
|
Yawn
|
A reflex of deep inhalation and exhalation associated with being tired, with a need to sleep, or from lack of stimulation. Pandiculation
It is claimed to help increase the state of alertness of a person. It could possibly be from lack of oxygen. The exact causes of yawning are still unknown. |
|
|
5 components of a reflex arc
|
receptor
sensory neuron integration center motor neuron effector |
|
|
example of an autonomic reflex?
|
pupil constriction
|
|
|
definition of paralysis
|
loss of motor function
|
|
|
Flaccid paralysis
|
Flaccid paralysis – severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells
|
|
|
Spastic Paralysis
|
Spastic paralysis – only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged.
Sensory function is retained. |
|
|
2 outcomes for spinal cord transection
|
Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions inferior to the cut
1. Paraplegia – transection between T1 and L1 2. Quadriplegia – transection in the cervical region |
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
Destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
Early symptoms – fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, and loss of somatic reflexes |
|
|
ALS - Lou Gehrig's Disease
|
Lou Gehrig’s disease
Symptoms – loss of the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe |
