A & P Exam 3 - Bones

Front 1

Position of bones after fracture:

Non displaced vs Displaced fracture

Back 1

Non displaced fracture - bones aligned

Displaced fracture - bones out of alignment

Front 2

Completeness of break:

Complete vs Incomplete fracture

Back 2

Complete fracture - bone broken through

Incomplete fracture - part of bone still attached

Front 3

Orientation of break:

Linear vs Transverse

Back 3

Linear - parallel to long axis

Transverse - perpendicular to long axis

Front 4

Skin penetration:

Open (compound) vs Closed (simple)

Back 4

Open (compound) - penetrates skin (requires surgery; bone displaced)

Closed (simple) - most cases

Front 5

Common fractures:

Comminuted

Back 5

Bone fragments into three or more pieces.

Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle

Front 6

Common fractures:

Compression

Back 6

Bone is crushed.

Common in porous bones (i.e., osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall

Front 7

Common fractures:

Spiral

Back 7

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

Common sports fractures

Front 8

Common fractures:

Epiphyseal

Back 8

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.

Tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring (Happens in younger - disturbs epiphyseal/growth plate)

Front 9

Common fractures:

Depressed

Back 9

Broken bone portion is pressed inward.

Typical of skull fracture

Front 10

Common fractures:

Greenstick

Back 10

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends.

Common in children whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults

Front 11

Bone disorders:

Symptoms

Back 11

Bones weaker

Pain

Front 12

Bone disorders:

Osteomalacia

Back 12

Soft bones

Ca 2+ is not deposited so bones are weak

Symptom - pain

Front 13

Bone disorders:

Rickets

Back 13

Most common

Bones deform - pelvis, skull, ribcage

Legs bow

Lack of vitamin D and/or Ca 2+

Occurs in children in 3rd world countries

Front 14

Bone disorders:

Osteoporosis

Back 14

Older people-more so in women than men

Bone mass reduced

Bones porous and lighter

Spongy bone of spine is the most vulnerable

Sex hormones restrain the osteoclast activity

In menopause: Lower osteocyte = Higher Osteoclast activity

Front 15

Joints:

Functional classification - amount of movement

Back 15

Synarthroses - immoveable

Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable

Diarthroses - freely moveable joins

Front 16

Joints:

Structural classification - material binding bones together

Back 16

Fibrous - immoveable/slightly moveable

Cartilaginous - rigid/slightly moveable

Synovial - freely moving

Front 17

Joints:

Fibrous joints

Back 17

Bones joined by fibrous tissue

No joint cavity

Most immovable

3 types

Front 18

Fibrous joints:

Sutures

Back 18

Only skull bones

Wavy edges interlock

Filled with minimal amount of very short connective tissue

Short CT fibers continuous with periosteum

Tightly bind bones but allow growth

Ossifie in adults, bones fuse to single unit

Now called syntheses (body junction)

Front 19

Fibrous joints:

Syndesmoses

Back 19

Bones connected by a ligament (band) of fibrous tissue

Vary in length (longer than in suture) - length determines movement

E.g. ligament connecting tibia and fibular - functionally immoveable - Tibiofibular joint

(kind of immoveable)

Front 20

Fibrous joints:

Gomphoses

Back 20

A peg-in-socket fibrous join

Tooth in bony alveolar socket only

Held in by short periodontal ligament

Front 21

Cartilaginous joints:

Synchondroses

Back 21

Bone-to-bone joint

Hyaline cartilage unites bones

Virtually all are synathrotic (immoveable)

E.g. epiphyseal plates

Are temporary joints - become synostoses (ossified, completely fused)

Front 22

Cartilaginous joints:

Symphyses

Back 22

Hyaline (articular) cartilage is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage

Allows limited movement of joint (amphiarthrotic)

Designed for strength, shock, absorption, flexibility

Front 23

Synovial joints

Back 23

Bones DO NOT touch

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity

Allows a lot of movement (diarthrotic)

All limb joints (most joints of the body)

5 distinguishing features (see page 78/79)