A & P Exam 2 Ch 10 - 14

Front 1

skin

Back 1

largest organ made up of hair, skin, nails, and skin glands

Front 2

layers of skin

Back 2

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

Front 3

thin skin

Back 3

has hair (most of body)

Front 4

thick skin

Back 4

no hair (palms of hand and soles of feet)

Front 5

Dermis

Back 5

called true skin, gives skin its strength, stores water, does not shed and regenarate

Front 6

epidermis

Back 6

thickest layer

Front 7

cleavage lines

Back 7

called langer lines

Front 8

hypodermis

Back 8

also called subcutaneous layer or superficial fossa, connects skin to other structures

Front 9

melanocytes

Back 9

create melanin

Front 10

melanin

Back 10

skin color

Front 11

eumelanin

Back 11

dark brown melanin

Front 12

pheomelanin

Back 12

reddish and orange melanin

Front 13

a factor of melanin production is

Back 13

heredity

Front 14

albinism

Back 14

absence of melanin

Front 15

what causes melanin to increase and darken

Back 15

sunlight

Front 16

hemoglobin

Back 16

blood flow

Front 17

increased blood flow makes

Back 17

redder skin

Front 18

decreased oxygen causes

Back 18

cyanosis (blue color)

Front 19

functions of skin

Back 19

protection

sensation

flexibility

excretion

immunity

homeostasis of body temp

Front 20

protection

Back 20

barrier to microorganisms, chemical hazards, trauma, and uv exposure

Front 21

sensation

Back 21

sensory receptors detect stimuli

Front 22

excretion

Back 22

excretes water, urea/ammonia/uric acid

Front 23

immunity

Back 23

phagocytic cells and helper T cells

Front 24

homeastasis of body temp

Back 24

holds in heat

Front 25

desquamation

Back 25

shedding of epithelial elements

Front 26

heat production

Back 26

main factor- amount of muscle work being performed

Front 27

heat loss

Back 27

evaporation, radiation, conduction, convection

Front 28

evaporation

Back 28

to evaporate any fluid energy must be expended

Front 29

radiation

Back 29

transfer of heat from one object to another with out actual contact

Front 30

conduction

Back 30

transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body

Front 31

convection

Back 31

transfer of heat away froma surface by movement of air

Front 32

hair distribution

Back 32

over entire body except for palms and soles and a few other small places

Front 33

lanugo

Back 33

fine, soft coat that exists before birth

Front 34

terminal hair

Back 34

coarse pubic and axillary hair

Front 35

hair follicles and development is in

Back 35

the epidermis

Front 36

papilla

Back 36

contain blood capillaries

Front 37

root of hair

Back 37

lies hidden in the follicle

Front 38

shaft

Back 38

visible portion

Front 39

medulla

Back 39

inner portion

Front 40

cortex

Back 40

outer portion

Front 41

nails

Back 41

consist of epidermal cells converted to hard keratin

Front 42

nail body

Back 42

visible part of the nail

Front 43

root of nail

Back 43

part of the nail hidden by a fold of skin (cuticle)

Front 44

lunula

Back 44

moon-shaped white area nearest the root

Front 45

nail bed

Back 45

appears pink

Front 46

onycholysis

Back 46

seperation of nail from nail bed

Front 47

eccrine glands

Back 47

most numerous sweat gland, small, cover almost all the body, secretes sweat

Front 48

apocrine glands

Back 48

located deep in the subcutaneous layer only in the axilla, areola of breasts, and around athe anus, begin function at puberty

Front 49

sebaceous glands

Back 49

secrete sebum, found in dermis except palms and soles, secretion increases at adolescence, cause acne

Front 50

sebum

Back 50

oily substance, keeps hair soft and prevents excessive water loss from skin

Front 51

ceruminous glands

Back 51

lubricate ear canal

Front 52

childrens skin

Back 52

smooth, unwrinkled, few sweat glands, rapid healing

Front 53

adults skin

Back 53

development and activation of sebaceous glands and sweat glands, increased sebum, acne

Front 54

old aged skin

Back 54

decreased sebaceous and sweat gland activity, wrinkles, decreased ability to cool itself off

Front 55

impetigo

Back 55

caused by staphylococcus, and streptococcus

Front 56

tinea

Back 56

skin fungal infections- ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot

Front 57

warts

Back 57

caused by papilloma virus

Front 58

boils

Back 58

staphylococcus infections of the hair follicle

Front 59

hives

Back 59

bodys reaction to certain allergens

Front 60

scleroderma

Back 60

autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissues of the skin

Front 61

psoriasis

Back 61

chronic inflammatory of the skin

Front 62

eczema

Back 62

most common inflammatory disorder of the skin

Front 63

carcinomas

Back 63

skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell, very responsive to treatment, rarely metastasis

Front 64

malignant melanoma

Back 64

has tendency to spread

Front 65

kaposi sarcoma (KS)

Back 65

appears in immune deficiencies like AIDS

Front 66

1st degree burn

Back 66

discomfort and redness

Front 67

2nd degree burn

Back 67

pain, blisters, swelling and edema

Front 68

3rd degree burn

Back 68

destruction of dermis and epidermis

Front 69

4th degree burn

Back 69

includes muscles, fascia and bones

Front 70

Rule of Nine

Back 70

method of estimating the amount of skin surface burned on an adult

body is broken into 11 areas of 9% each genetial areas other 1%

Front 71

functions of bone

Back 71

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

Front 72

hematopoiesis

Back 72

production of blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

Front 73

5 types of bone

Back 73

long bone

short bone

flat bone

irregular bone

sesamoid bone

Front 74

long bone

Back 74

humerus

Front 75

short bone

Back 75

carpal bone

Front 76

irregular bone

Back 76

vertebra

Front 77

flat bone

Back 77

sternum

Front 78

sesamoid bone

Back 78

patella

Front 79

compact bone

Back 79

dense and solid

Front 80

cancellous (spongy) bone

Back 80

characterized by open space partially filled with a lattice of thin branched structures supporting soft tissue

Front 81

diaphysis

Back 81

main shaft of a long bone

Front 82

epiphysis

Back 82

both ends of a long bone, made of cancellous bone

Front 83

metaphysis

Back 83

the region between the diaphysis and the metaphysis

Front 84

articular cartilage

Back 84

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphysis

Front 85

periosteum

Back 85

dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone, attaches tendons to bones, contains blood vessels and cells that form and destroy bone

Front 86

medullary cavity

Back 86

hollow space inthe diaphysis of a long bone, filled with connective tissues in adults

Front 87

endosteum

Back 87

thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity

Front 88

osteoblasts

Back 88

bone forming

Front 89

osteoclasts

Back 89

bone destroying

Front 90

osteocytes

Back 90

mature inactive

Front 91

bone marrow

Back 91

2 types red and yellow bone marrow

Front 92

red marrow

Back 92

produces red blood cells

Front 93

yellow bone marrow

Back 93

not active and fatty

Front 94

red bone marrow changes into

Back 94

yellow bone marrow

Front 95

hyaline cartilage

Back 95

most common, forms costal cartilage, rings on trachea, bronchi, and tip of nose

Front 96

elastic cartilage

Back 96

forms ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

Front 97

fibrocartilage

Back 97

found in pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs

Front 98

rickets and osteomalacia

Back 98

vitamin d deficiency

Front 99

adult skeleton

Back 99

has 206 bones

Front 100

axial skeleton has

Back 100

80 bones

Front 101

appendicular skeleton

Back 101

has 126 bones

Front 102

fontanels

Back 102

soft spots on a baby

Front 103

hyoid bone

Back 103

only bone that articulates with no other bones

Front 104

shoulder girdle

Back 104

made up of the scapula and clavicle, articulates with the acromion process of the scapula

Front 105

humerus

Back 105

articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna

Front 106

ulna

Back 106

on little finger side, articulates proximally with the humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk

Front 107

carpal bones

Back 107

8 small bones that form the wrist

Front 108

metacarpal bones

Back 108

thumb is most freely moveable joint, head of metacarpals articulate with phalanges

Front 109

pelivc girdle

Back 109

made of sacrum and 2 coxal bones

Front 110

coxal bone

Back 110

made of ilium, ischium and pubis

Front 111

femur

Back 111

longest and heaviest bone

Front 112

patella

Back 112

largest sesamoid bone

Front 113

tibia

Back 113

articulates proximally with femur and distally with fibula and tibia

Front 114

fibula

Back 114

articulates with tibia

Front 115

foot

Back 115

foot bones form arches

Front 116

male pelvis

Back 116

deep, funnel shaped, narrow arch

Front 117

female pelvis

Back 117

shallow, broad, wide pubic arch

Front 118

pathological (spontaneous) fractures

Back 118

weakness results in breakage despite very little stress

Front 119

stress fracture

Back 119

occur in the absence of any clinically visible damage

Front 120

displaced (open) fracture or compound fracture

Back 120

when broken bones projects through surrounding tissue and skin

Front 121

compound and incomplete

Back 121

a fracture

Front 122

articulation

Back 122

point of contact between bones

Front 123

joints

Back 123

allow movement

Front 124

joints are named based on if they are

Back 124

fibrous or cartilaginous joints

synovial joints

Front 125

syndesmoses

Back 125

ligaments connect 2 bones

Front 126

sutures

Back 126

found only in the skull

Front 127

gomphoses

Back 127

between root of tooth and alveolar process of mandible or maxilla

Front 128

cartilaginous joint

Back 128

synchondroses, symphyses

Front 129

synchondroses

Back 129

hyaline cartilage between articulating bones

Front 130

symphyses

Back 130

where a pad or disk connects 2 bones

(vertebra, pubis symphysis)

Front 131

synovial joint (diarthroses)

Back 131

freely moving

Front 132

joint capsule

Back 132

around the ends of bones that bind together

Front 133

synovial membrane

Back 133

lines joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid

Front 134

articular cartilage

Back 134

covers articular surfaces, hyaline

Front 135

joint cavity

Back 135

space between articulating surfaces

Front 136

menisci

Back 136

pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones

Front 137

ligaments

Back 137

holds bones together

Front 138

bursae

Back 138

synovial membranes that cushion joints and facilitate movement

Front 139

types of synovial joints

Back 139

uniaxial

biaxial

multiaxial

Front 140

uniaxial joint

Back 140

movement around 1 axis and 1 plane

pivot and hinge joints

Front 141

biaxial joint

Back 141

movement around 2 axis and 2 planes

saddle and condyloid planes

Front 142

multiaxial joint

Back 142

ball and socket joint

gliding joint

Front 143

hinge joint

Back 143

elbow

Front 144

pivot joint

Back 144

dens of axis rotating against atlas

Front 145

saddle joint

Back 145

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Front 146

condyloid joint

Back 146

atlantoccipital joint

Front 147

ball and socket joint

Back 147

shoulder and hip joint

Front 148

gliding joint

Back 148

articular processes between vertebrae

Front 149

ROM

Back 149

range of motion

Front 150

goniometer

Back 150

instrument used to measure ROM

Front 151

flexion

Back 151

decreases the angle between bones

Front 152

extension

Back 152

increases the angle between bones

Front 153

hyperextension

Back 153

stretching beyond its anatomical position

Front 154

plantar flexion

Back 154

increase angle between top of foot and leg

Front 155

dorsiflexion

Back 155

decreases angle between top of foot and leg

Front 156

abduction

Back 156

away

Front 157

adduction

Back 157

toward

Front 158

rotation

Back 158

bones pivoting on its axis

Front 159

circumduction

Back 159

distal end moves in a circle

Front 160

supination

Back 160

palm up

Front 161

pronation

Back 161

palms down

Front 162

bursitis

Back 162

caused by prolonged pressure, repetitive excercise, or trauma

Front 163

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 163

chronic inflammation of many tissues and organs

Front 164

juvenile arthritis

Back 164

rash, high fever, swelling of liver and spleen

Front 165

gouty arthritis

Back 165

excessive blood levels or uric acid