A & P Exam 1

Front 1

Anatomical Position

Back 1

Head, gaze of eyes, toes – directly anteriorly (forward)
Arms to side – palms anteriorly (forward)
Lower legs close together, feet parallel, toes directed anteriorly
Regardless of posture or position

Front 2

Saggital Plane

Back 2

Median, split into left and right side
also called anteroposterior

Front 3

Coronal Plane

Back 3

Frontal plane
Splits into anterior and posterior

Front 4

Transverse Plane

Back 4

horizontal
Splits into superior and inferior

Front 5

Superficial

Back 5

Describes position relative to surface
Opposite: Deep

Front 6

Lateral

Back 6

farther from medial plane
Opposite: Medial

Front 7

Internal

Back 7

Nearer to center
Opposite: External

Front 8

Dorsal

Back 8

aka Posterior
Back surface of body
Opposite: Anterior (Ventral)

Front 9

Rostral

Back 9

Decribe the brain, nearer anterior part of head

Front 10

Inferior

Back 10

Near to sole of foot
Opposite: Superior

Front 11

Caudal

Back 11

Toward tail region
Opposite: Cranial/Cephal

Front 12

Proximal

Back 12

Near to the attachment of limb or central aspect of linear structure
Opposite: Distal

Front 13

Unilateral

Back 13

Occurring on one side

Front 14

Bilateral

Back 14

having left and right member

Front 15

Ipsilateral

Back 15

occuring at the same side

Front 16

contralateral

Back 16

Occurring on opposite sides

Front 17

Flexion

Back 17

decreasing angle
Opposite: Extension

Front 18

Hyperextension

Back 18

Beyond normal limit

Front 19

Dorsiflexion

Back 19

Brining toes toward legs
Opposite: Plantarflexion

Front 20

Adduction

Back 20

Toward median plane
Opposite: Abduction
Always in the frontal plane

Front 21

Circumduction

Back 21

distal end circular movement
-one end is fixed the other moving in a circle

Front 22

rotation

Back 22

Revolving around longitudinal axis

Front 23

Medial/internal rotation

Back 23

Brings anterior surface closer to median plane (Shoulder moving towards front)

Front 24

Lateral/external rotation

Back 24

Takes anterior surface away from median (Shoulder moving towards back)

Front 25

Pronation

Back 25

Palm of hand faces posteriorly
Opposite: Supination

Front 26

Supination

Back 26

dorsum of hand faces posteriorly

Front 27

Elevation

Back 27

movement superiorly
Opposite: Depression

Front 28

Eversion

Back 28

Movement of sole away from median plane
Opposite: Inversion

Front 29

Opposition

Back 29

Movement of thumb toward another digit
Opposite: Reposition

Front 30

Reposition

Back 30

movement from opposition back to anatomical position

Front 31

Protrusion

Back 31

Forward of chin/lips/tongue
Opposite: Retrusion

Front 32

Protraction

Back 32

anterior movement of shoulder

Front 33

Multicolored flat lesion
most common cancer

Back 33

Basal Cell carcinoma

Front 34

8-10 cells thick, Langerhans' cells scattered throughout, some kertinocytes continue to divide,

Back 34

Stratum spinosum

Front 35

Squamous cell carcinoma originates in these keratinocytes

Back 35

Stratum spinosum

Front 36

Appears as crusted or scaly patches, slow-growing malignant tumor frequently found in lungs, skin, but also occurring in anus, cervix, larynx, nose and bladder

Back 36

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Front 37

Langer lines

Back 37

Tension lines provided by fiber direction. If you cute with the fibers is closes easier than agains

Front 38

Name actions that occur in:
Medial/Sagittal

Back 38

Flexion/Extension
Protrusion/Retrusion

Front 39

Name actions that occur in Frontal

Back 39

Adduction/Abduction
Elevation/Depression
Inversion/Eversion

Front 40

Name actions that occur in Transverse

Back 40

Internal/External Rotation

Front 41

Classification of burns

Back 41

1st: limited to epidermis, cells quickly replaced by basal layer

2nd: nerve ending damaged, most painful

3rd: entire dermis, epidermis, possible muscle, area is numb bc sensory endings are destroyed

Front 42

4 levels of protein structure

Back 42

Primary: AA joined by peptide bonds

Secondary: Hydrogen bonded amino hydrogen of one amino acid and carboxyl oxygen of another, Common Structures: alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets

Tertiary: formation of bends and loops in a single peptide chain between R groups

Quarternary: formation of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

Front 43

Structure of nucleotide and amino acid

Back 43

Nucleotide: 5-carbon CHO (ribose and deoxyribose), base containing carbon-nitrogen ring (pyrimidines and purines) and a phosphate group

AA: amino group, R group and carboxyl group

Front 44

4 categories of cells and function

Back 44

Muscle: contraction, generation of force

Nerve: initiate, transmit electrical impulses

Epithelial: barrier between body and external environment; exchange

Connective Tissue: connect, anchor, support

Front 45

Exocrine and Endocrine glands

Back 45

Exocrine: ducts leading to external environment

Endocrine: ductless and secrete hormones into blood

Front 46

Mechanisms of exchange for lungs, GI, and Kidneys

Back 46

Lungs: gas diffusion, gas solubility and transport

GI: absorption and secretion

Kidneys: filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Front 47

Metabolic reactions:

A-B + H2O → A-OH + H-B

A + Pi → A-P

A-OH + H-B → A-B + H2O

A-P → A + Pi

HA-BH → A=B + 2H

A=B + 2H → HA-BH

Back 47

Hydrolysis
Phosphorylation
Condensation
Dephosphorylation
Oxidation
Reduction