A & P 2

Front 1

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?

Back 1

transport of respiratory gasses

Front 2

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________

Back 2

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Front 3

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

Back 3

secrete surfactant

Front 4

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

Back 4

greater than pressure in the atmosphere

Front 5

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

Back 5

the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

Front 6

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

Back 6

cartilage rings

Front 7

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

Back 7

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Front 8

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.

Back 8

Boyle's law

Front 9

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

Back 9

Dalton's law

Front 10

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

Back 10

interference of the cohesion of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Front 11

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be _______

Back 11

0.5 to 1 mm thick

Front 12

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

Back 12

decrease in ph (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Front 13

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Back 13

increase of carbon dioxide

Front 14

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.

Back 14

the ventral respiratory group

Front 15

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

Back 15

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Front 16

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Back 16

respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants

Front 17

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Back 17

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Front 18

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

Back 18

decrease in lactic acid levels

Front 19

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Back 19

Kaposi's sarcoma

Front 20

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

Back 20

blood ph adjustment

Front 21

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?

Back 21

resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross sectional diameter

Front 22

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

Back 22

alveolar surface tension

Front 23

Tidal volume is air ________.

Back 23

exchange during normal breathing

Front 24

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Back 24

partial pressure gradient

Front 25

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

Back 25

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Front 26

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

Back 26

vital capacity

Front 27

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?

Back 27

respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

Front 28

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

Back 28

rising blood pressure

Front 29

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Back 29

medulla and pons

Front 30

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Back 30

inspiratory reserve

Front 31

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

Back 31

more CO2 is dissolved in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBC's

Front 32

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________

Back 32

diffusion

Front 33

Select the correct statement about the pharynx

Back 33

the auditory tube drains the nasopharynx

Front 34

The larynx contains ________.

Back 34

the thyroid cartilage

Front 35

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

Back 35

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Front 36

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

Back 36

as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the RBC's

Front 37

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?

Back 37

cardiac notch

Front 38

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

Back 38

aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Front 39

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

Back 39

voluntary cortical control

Front 40

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

Back 40

alveoli

Front 41

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

Back 41

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Front 42

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

Back 42

diver holds his breath upon ascent

Front 43

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

Back 43

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Front 44

Which center is located in the pons?

Back 44

pointine respiratory group (PRG)

Front 45

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.

Back 45

as the intiator of the cough reflex

Front 46

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________

Back 46

28 weeks

Front 47

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

Back 47

the respiratory rate of a newborn, is at its highest, 40-80 respirations per minute

Front 48

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.

Back 48

the pons is thought to be instrumental in the transition from inspiration to expiration

Front 49

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

Back 49

number of red blood cells

Front 50

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.

Back 50

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Front 51

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Back 51

concentration of oxygen and/or atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Front 52

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

Back 52

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Front 53

Which of the following is not possible?

Back 53

pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance

Front 54

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

Back 54

as alveolar tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

Front 55

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

Back 55

a 50% oxygen saturation level returning to the lungs might indicate an activity higher than normal

Front 56

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

Back 56

emphysema

Front 57

No exchange of gases occurs here.

Back 57

segmental branch

Front 58

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant

Back 58

type II cells

Front 59

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Back 59

respiratory bronchioles

Front 60

Composed of simple squamous epithelium.

Back 60

type I cells

Front 61

Terminates in alveoli.

Back 61

alveolar duct

Front 62

Composed of cuboidal cells

Back 62

type II cells

Front 63

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________

Back 63

type I cells

Front 64

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Back 64

TRUE

Front 65

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

Back 65

TRUE

Front 66

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

Back 67

TRUE

Front 68

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

Back 69

TRUE

Front 70

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

Back 70

FALSE

Front 71

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

Back 71

TRUE

Front 72

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree

Back 72

FALSE

Front 73

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

Back 73

TRUE

Front 74

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

Back 74

FALSE

Front 75

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.

Back 75

FALSE

Front 76

The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.

Back 76

FALSE

Front 77

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Back 77

TRUE

Front 78

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

Back 78

TRUE

Front 79

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening

Back 79

TRUE

Front 80

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

Back 80

TRUE

Front 81

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs

Back 81

FALSE

Front 82

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

Back 82

TRUE

Front 83

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Back 83

FALSE

Front 84

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

Back 84

TRUE

Front 85

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).

Back 85

FALSE

Front 86

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Back 86

TRUE

Front 87

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

Back 87

FALSE

Front 88

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation

Back 88

FALSE

Front 89

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

Back 89

TRUE

Front 90

Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.

Back 90

TRUE