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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an event occurring in the external environment or in the internal environment that cannot be detected by the body called? |
Stimulus
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What are structures that detect stimuli?
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Receptors
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What are the three types of receptors?
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Exteroceptor, interoceptors, proprioceptors.
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What do Exteroceptors detect?
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External stimuli
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where are Exteroceptors located?
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Near, or at the surface of the body.
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What do Interoceptors detect?
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Internal stimuli
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Where are interoceptors located
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Viscera,
blood vessels, nervous system. |
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What do Proprioceptors detect?
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Stimuli arising specifically from the musculoskeletal organs
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Where are proprioceptors located
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Skeletal muscles,
tendons, joints. |
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What do you call a reaction to a specific stimulus
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Response
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What are the structures called that carry out responses
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Effectors
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What are action potentials
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Muscle impulses, nerve impulses.
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How many action potentials are there?
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2.
(muscle impulses, nerve impulses) |
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What is a muscle impulse
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Action potential in muscle cells
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What is a nerve impulse
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Action potential in nerve cells
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What are cells that conduct action potentials
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Excitable cells
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What cells do not conduct action potentials
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Non excitable cells
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How many divisions does the nervous system have
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Two main divisions
(PNS and CNS) |
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system, central nervous system.
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What is the peripheral nervous system consist of
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Nerves and ganglia.
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What does the central nervous system consist of
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are nerves
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Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue
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What are ganglia
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Clusters of cell bodies
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What are bundles of axons in the CNS called
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Tracts
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What are tracts
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Bundles of axons in central nervous system
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what are clusters of cell bodies referred to as?
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Nuclei
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what does a nuclei consist of
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Clusters of cell bodies
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What is the master controlling and communicating system of the body
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Nervous system
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What is the nervous system
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Master controlling and communicating system of the body
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What are the three main functions of the nervous system
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Sensory input, integration, motor output.
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What is sensory input
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Receptors send action potentials to the CNS via the PNS
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what is integration
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CNS processes the sensory information from receptors
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What is motor output
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The CNS sends action potentials via the PNS to effectors that carry out appropriate responses
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Nervous tissue consists of how many cell types
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2.
(neuroglial cells, neurons) |
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What are the two cell types that make up nervous tissue
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Neuroglial cells and neurons
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What are neuroglial cells
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Non excitable cells that serve various accessory functions in the nervous system
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What are non excitable cells that serve various accessory functions in the nervous system
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Neuroglial cells
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What are neurons
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Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
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What excitable cells transmit nerve impulses
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Neurons
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What is the most abundant neuroglia in the CNS
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Astrocytes
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What are the functions of astrocytes
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Support neurons,
maintain the blood brain barrier. |
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What does the blood brain barrier do? |
Secretes chemicals that increases the selectivity of the capillary walls in the brain
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True or false. brain tissue is replaceable
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false
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What is the blood brain barrier ineffective against
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Fat soluble substances
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What is microglia
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Macrophages that develop from monocytes
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What does microglia do
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Performs complete checkups on CNS nervous tissue several times a day.
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Where do microglia become concentrated
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In areas damaged by infection, trauma, or stroke.
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Where can Ependymal cells be found?
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Lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.
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ependymal cells produce what?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What has processes that reach out to the axons of the neurons in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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The processes of oligodendrocyte rap repeatedly around a portion of an axon to create what
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Myelin sheath
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True or false. oligodendrocyte slow down the conduction of action potentials.
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false
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What are the only glial cells in the PNS?
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Schwann cells and satellite cells
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What forms a myelin sheath around axons in nerves
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Schwann cells
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What is the function of the myelin sheath
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Insulate axon, speed up the transmission of action potential along the axon
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What is it called when the immune system attacks the myelin sheaths, reducing them to nonfunctional hardened lesions.
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Multiple sclerosis
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What are the common symptoms of multiple sclerosis
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Visual disturbances and problems controlling muscles
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Why can't axon repair occur in the central nervous system
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no Schwann cells
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What are neuron processes?
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Dendrites and axon
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The term nerve fiber refers to what
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Axon
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What part of a neuron contains the nucleus
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cell body (soma)
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How are neurons classified
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Structurally and functionally
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How are neurons classified structurally
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According to the number of processes(axons) directly connected to the cell body
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How are neurons classified functionally
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According to where they carry action potentials
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Multipolar neuron
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Unipolar neuron
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Bipolar neuron
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What is the function of sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from receptors
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How many types of sensory neurons are there
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2.
(somatic sensory neurons, and visceral sensory neurons) |
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What are the two types of sensory neurons
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Somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons
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What is the function of somatic sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from exteroceptors and proprioceptors.
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What is the function of visceral sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from interoceptors
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What is the function of interneurons
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Transmit action potentials within the central nervous system
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What is the function of motor neurons
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Transmit action potentials from the central nervous system to the effectors
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How many types of motor neurons are there?
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2.
(somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons) |
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What are the two types of motor neurons
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Somatic and visceral motor neurons
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What is the function of somatic motor neurons
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Transmit action potentials from central nervous system to skeletal muscles and skin
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What is the function of visceral motor neurons
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Transmits action potentials from central nervous system to viscera, blood vessels, and glands.
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What does sensory neurons synapse with?
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Interneurons
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True or false. dendrites soma and axon of the interner on are all located in the CNS
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True
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Where are the dendrites and Soma of a motor neuron located
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Central nervous system
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The dendrites of a neuron function as what
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The receptive region of a neuron
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What part of a neuron along with dendrites serve as a receptive region
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Cell body
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What is the axon hillock
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Where the axon attaches to the cell body
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What is another name for the cell body
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Soma
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What is the function of an axon
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To generate in conduct action potentials
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What is the portion of the axon immediately distal to the axon hillock called
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Initial segment
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What is the plasma membrane of an axon called
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Axolemma
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the section of the neuron that form synapses with other neurons and effector cells is called what?
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Axon terminals
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What is a synapse
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The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
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The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector cell is called what
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Synapse
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What is a presynaptic neuron
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Neuron before a given synapse
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What do you call a neuron before a given synapse
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Presynaptic neuron
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What is a postsynaptic neuron
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Neuron after a given synapse
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What is a neuron after a given synapse
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Postsynaptic neuron
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How are neurotransmitters effects terminated
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Reuptake through transport proteins, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion away from the synapse.
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How are nerves classified
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Functionally and structurally
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How are nerves classified functionally
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according to the direction their axons transmit action potentials
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How are nerves classified structurally
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According to whether they arise from the brain or the spinal cord
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What is the direction of impulse for motor nerves
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Central nervous system to effectors
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What type of nerve fibers are in motor nerves
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Motor axons
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What is direction of impulse in sensory nerves
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Receptors to central nervous system
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What type of nerve fibers are in sensory nerves
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Sensory axons
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What is the direction of impulse in mixed nerves
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To and from central nervous system
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What type of nerve fibers are in mixed nerves
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Motor and sensory axons
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what nerves arise from the brain
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Cranial nerves
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how many nerves make up cranial nerves
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12 pairs
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cranial nerves serve what area of the body
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Cephalic, cervical regions and viscera
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What are the functions of cranial nerves
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Sensory, mixed, and motor.
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What nerves arise from the spinal cord via the fusion of the dorsal and ventral roots
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Spinal nerves
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How many spinal nerves are there
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31 pairs
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What body areas do the spinal nerves serve
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All regions of the body
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What is the function of spinal nerves
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All mixed
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Name the cranial nerves
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Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vargus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal Nerves
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How many motor nerves are in the brain
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5.
(Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Accessory, Hypoglossal) |
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How many sensory nerves are in the brain
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3.
(Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear) |
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How many mixed nerves does the brain have
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3.
(Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal) |
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What are the motor nerves of the brain
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Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal.
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What are the sensory nerves of the brain
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Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear nerves
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What nerves of the brain are mixed nerves
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Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal nerves.
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Dorsal roots contain what type of axons
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Sensory axons
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Ventral roots contain what type of axons
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Motor axons
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Spinal nerves contain what type of axons
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sensory and motor axons
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How do spinal nerves penetrate the vertebral column
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Through intervertebral foramina
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What type of axons do Rami have
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Motor and sensory axons
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which Remi serves the skin and musculature of the posterior trunk at their proximal level of emergence
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Dorsal Rami
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